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Intro Biology 101 > Unit 2 Terminology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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2
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein catalysts

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4
Q

Tuber

A

A short, thick underground plant stem

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits develop on the inner walls of the arteries, obstructing the arteries and causing them to harden.

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6
Q

Essentail fatty acid

A

An unsaturated fatty acid the n an animal needs but cannot make.

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7
Q

Catalysts

A

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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8
Q

Peptide bond

A

A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water

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9
Q

Denaturation

A

Disruption of the weak internal chemical bonds and interactions causes the proteins to lose its native shape

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10
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence

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11
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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13
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the chemical processes of cells

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14
Q

Vesicle

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

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15
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently boded to them

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16
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes the tan animal cell uses to digest macromolecules

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis in which large particles or small organisms are taken up by a cell

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18
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs; uses oxygen and synthesizes ATP

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19
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle found in pants and protists that absorb sunlight, using it so synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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20
Q

Centrosome

A

Area of cytoplasm that functions as a microtubule-organz

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21
Q

Integrin

A

A transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

22
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Open channels through the cell wall that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

23
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Allows some substances to cross it more easily than others

24
Q

Amphipathic

A

Meaning on hydrophilic regions and one hydrophobic region

25
Q

Aquaporin

A

A channel protein in the plasma membrane that specifically facilitates the diffusion of free water across the membrane

26
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space

27
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

28
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across cell membranes and the balance of water between the cell and its environment are crucial to organisms

29
Q

Passive transport

A

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with expenditure of energy

30
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

31
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

32
Q

Tutor pressure

A

The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis

33
Q

Plasmolysis

A

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment

34
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport protein, requiring no energy expenditure

35
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in voltage across a cells plasma membrane due to the differential distribute not ions

36
Q

Ligand

A

Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule

37
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Metabolic activity where the organism converts the energy stored in certain organic molecules to light

38
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

39
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product

40
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

41
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

42
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder or randomness

43
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

State in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reactions.

44
Q

Energy coupling

A

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

45
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

46
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA or in the DNA OR RNA of a virus Allosteric regulation

47
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

Any case in which a proteins function at on site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site

48
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such was ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

49
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an exe torn transport chain

50
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of reactions that split glucose up into pyruvate

51
Q

ATP synthase

A

A complex of several membrane proteins that function make ATP

Intro Biology 101 (5 decks)

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