Unit 3 Syndromes Flashcards
1
Q
Scotomas
A
- Blind spots in opposite visual field
- Caused by small lesions of V1 in occipital lobe
2
Q
Quadrantopsia
A
- Loss of contralateral visual field quadrant
- Caused by medium lesions of V1 in occipital lobe
3
Q
Hemianopsia
A
- Whole contralateral visual field loss
- Caused by large lesions of V1 in occipital lobe
4
Q
Visual Form Agnosia
A
- Inability to recognize objects, discriminate between simple geometric shapes and orientation
- Caused by lesions to the ventral stream
- More specifically, lesions of ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex (fusiform and lingual gyri)
- LEFT posterior IT lesion: alexia with agraphia
- Alexia = unable to understand written words (reading)
- Agraphia = loss in ability to communicate through writing
- RIGHT IT cortex (fusiform gyrus): prosopagnosia
- Unable to recognize faces
- LEFT posterior IT lesion: alexia with agraphia
5
Q
Balint’s Syndrome
A
- Lesions to dorsal steam (where)
- Caused by bilateral lesion of posterior parietal cortex near temporoparietooccipital junction
- Watershed area, damage can be caused by MCA/PCA infarct leading to posterior cortical atrophy
- Symptoms:
- Simultanagnosia: inability to perceive more than a single object at a time
- Ocular apraxia/saccadic initiation failure (SIF): absence of defect of controlled, voluntary, purposeful eye movement
- Optic ataxia: lack of coordination between visual inputs and hand movements, resulting in inability to reach and grab objects
6
Q
Temporal lobe lesions
A
may lead to loss of awareness of sound, but reflexes involving sound remain intact
7
Q
Sensory Aphasia
A
- AKA Wernicke’s
- Inability to understand/comprehend language in written or spoken form
- Speech is fluent, effortless, melodic, but jumbled and unintelligible
- Speech has normal grammar, syntax, rate, and intonation but they can’t express themselves meaningfully using language.
- Due to damage of Wernicke’s on left
8
Q
Sensory Aprosodia
A
- Inability to detect prosodic elements (humor, sarcasm) in speech
- Lesion in Wernicke-like area on RIGHT side
9
Q
Anomia
A
- Naming defect
- Lesion to left inferior temporal pole
10
Q
Postcentral Gyrus Lesions
A
- Loss of 2-point discrimination
- Agraphesthesia: inability to recognize written letters or numbers traced on skin
- Astereognosis: inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input
11
Q
Tactile Agnosia
A
- Lesion to ventrolateral zone (somatosensory association, parietal lobe)
- Inability to recognize, name objects by touch
12
Q
Constructional apraxia
A
- Lesion to dorsomedial zone (somatosensory association, parietal lobe)
- Difficulty with simple drawing, building blocks
13
Q
Hemispatial Neglect
A
- Lesion to right inferior parietal lobule (IPL)
- Common from R-sided MCA strokes
- Neglect of left side of body and left visual field
14
Q
Gerstmann’s Syndrome
A
- Lesions of left supramarginal AND angular gyri
- Agraphia: loss of ability to write
- Acalculia: loss of ability to understand math
- Right-left disorientation
- Finger agnosia: inability to distinguish own fingers and fingers of others
15
Q
Supramarginal gyrus lesion
A
- Wernicke’s-like aphasia and impairment in verbal working memory
16
Q
Lesion to Frontal Eye Field
A
- Deviation of the eyes to the ipsilateral side during the acute phase
- FEF on each side controls voluntary conjugate gaze to the contralateral visual field
- So when FEF is damaged, signaling from FEF on the intact side is unopposed and both eyes deviate toward the side of the lesion
17
Q
Broca’s Aphasia
A
- Central feature: impaired fluency (speech)
18
Q
Conduction Aphasia
A
- Preserved understanding and fluency
- Central feature: impaired repetition
19
Q
M1 Infarct Signs
A
- Hemiparesis of lower half of contralateral face
- Hemiparesis of contralatera upper and lower extremities
- Sensory loss from contralateral face and arm, minor leg
- Ataxia of contralateral extremities (minor leg)
- Lack of muscle control/coordination
- Gaze preference to side of lesion
- Contralateral visual field defects
- LEFT: Speech impairments (global aphasia)
- RIGHT: perceptual impairments (hemispatial neglect)
20
Q
Superior M2 Infarcts
A
- Hemiparesis of the lower half of contralateral face
- Hemiparesis of contralateral upper extremities (no leg!)
- Sensory loss from contralateral face and arm (no leg!)
- Ataxia of contralateral upper extremity
- Lack of motor control/coordination
- Gaze preference to side of lesion
- LEFT: Broca’s aphasia
- *No visual loss
21
Q
Inferior M2 Infarct Signs
A
- Contralateral tactile agnosia
- Contralateral visual field defects
- LEFT:
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Gerstmann’s syndrome
- Agraphia, acalculia, R/L disorientation, finger agnosia
- RIGHT: perceptual impairments
- Hemispatial neglect, constructional apraxia
22
Q
M3 Infarct Signs
A
Specific to territory in pie-slice shaped wedge of infarction
23
Q
ACA Infarct Signs (A2)
A
- Hemiparesis of the contralateral leg, pelvic floor
- Incontinence
- Sensory loss from contralateral leg, perineum
- Ataxia of contralateral leg (motor control/coordination)
- Apraxia (difficulty motor planning)
- Slowness and lack of spontaneity
- Akinetic mutism
- No effort to communication (superior PFC)
24
Q
PCA Cortex Infarct Signs
A
- Contralateral visual field defects
- Cortical blindness if bilateral
- Visual form agnosia
- Memory and naming deficits, disorientation
- LEFT: alexia with agraphia
- Alexia: inability to read
- Agraphia: inabiity to write
- RIGHT: Prosopagnosia
25
Q
Central PCA Infarct Signs
A
- Thalamic syndromes
- Involuntary movements
- Chorea
- Intentional tremor
- Hemiballismus
- lesion in subthalamic nucleus
- Hyperkinetic disorder like the choreas, but affecting more proximal limb movements
- Very intense movements
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- 3rd nerve palsy: down + out
