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FN Unit 3 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A
  • Astrocytes: most numerous, for support & repair
  • Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons (so in white matter)
  • Microglia: macrophages in CNS
  • Ependymal cells: circulate CSF in choroid plexus
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2
Q

Feed Forward/Back

A
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3
Q

Neuronal Types

A
  • Multipolar: most common CNS neuron, all peripheral motor neurons
  • Bipolar: one dendrite, one axon; always special sensory
  • Pseudounipolar: axon & dendrite fuse, split into CNS “central process” and PNS “peripheral process”; peripheral sensory neurons
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4
Q

Action Potential Process & NT Release

A

Cell is at an electrical charge at rest due to Na/K pump, electrical, and chemical forces at selectively-permeable non-gated ion channels. When cell membrane’s voltage changes via integrated input from other neurons, AP gets propagated (energy is released through activation of gated ion channels). NA ions rapidly influx into the cell, depolarizing it, then K+ rushes in to hyperpolarize back to negative mV. This then propagates. AP opens voltage-gated calcium (Ca) channels, permitting influx of Ca++ ions into axon terminal which triggers fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. NTs are released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis.

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5
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

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6
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons + cerebellum

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7
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus + hypothalamus + 3rd ventricle

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9
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior and towards the head

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10
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior and towards the tail

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11
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • 80% glial cells (Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia)
  • Exterior: cortex, cerebellum, diencephalon
  • Interior: spinal cord, brainstem
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12
Q

White Matter

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Fascicles > funiculi > peduncles
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13
Q

Branchiomotor Cranial Nerves

A

SVE

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14
Q

Efferent

A
  • From CNS to effectors/muscles
  • Motor
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15
Q

Afferent

A
  • Towards the CNS from somewhere else
  • Sensory
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16
Q

Spinnal Nerves & Vertebrae

A
  • Cervical: 7 vertebrae, 8 nerves
  • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae, 12 nerves
  • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae, 5 nerves
  • Sacral: 5 vertebrae, 5 nerves
  • Coccygeal: 1 vertebrae, 1 nerve
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17
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral Root

A
  • Dorsal
    • Sensory
  • Ventral
    • Motor
  • Both combine at the spinal nerve and separate into dorsal/ventral rami with both components (motor, sensory) for dorsal and both components for ventral
    • Exit via intervertebral foramen
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18
Q

GVE

A
  • Autonomic nervous system; works to maintain homeostasis
  • Preganglionic sympathetic: spinal nerves T1-L2
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic: spinal nerves S2-S4
19
Q

CN that moves the jaw

A

CN 5

20
Q

CN that keeps the face wet

A

CN 7

21
Q

Conus Medullaris end location

A

L1/L2

22
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal body = melatonin

23
Q

Dural sac end location

A

S2

24
Q

Lumbar cistern and puncture locations

A
  • Cistern: L1/L2 - S2
  • Puncture: L3/L4, L4/L5, or L5/S1
25
Q

CBF: inverse/same

A
  • Same for CO2
  • Inverse for BP, O2, pH, viscosity
  • Sympathetic = vasoconstriction
26
Q

BBB Selectivity

A
  • Diffusion of lipid-soluble substances
    • Substances with high lipid solubility (ethanol, nicotine) enter brain rapidly
    • Low/no solubility (sodium, dopamine) enter slowly or not at all
  • Receptor-mediated transport (proteins)
    • Facilitative and energy-dependent receptors
    • Specific water-soluble substances only
  • Ion channels
27
Q

Segmental v radicular v medullary arteries

A
  • Segmental artery: provides branches to both ventral, dorsal rootlets
  • Radicular artery: segmental artery that fuses with roots
  • Medullary artery: radicular artery that fuses with ASA/PSA
28
Q

Rhombencephalon

A
  • Metencephalon + myelencephalon
  • Medulla + pons
29
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Failure of the anterior neuropore to close
  • Results in major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp being absent
  • Incompatible with life
30
Q

Rachischisis

A
  • Failure of the posterior neuropore to close
  • Results in motor and sensory deficits, chronic infections, and disturbances in bladder function
31
Q

Types of Spina Bifida

A
  • SB: incomplete formation of vertebrae and meninges surrounding SC
  • SB Occulta: vertebrae deficit
  • Meningiocele: meninges lie beneath skin
  • Meningomyelocele: meninges and SC lie right beneath skin
32
Q

Main Spinal Cord Support

A

Dural sheath on spinal roots

33
Q

Laminar vs Nuclei Gray Matter Organizations

A

Laminar: cell structure

Nuclei = function

34
Q

GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE spinal cord organization

A
35
Q

Reflex SC Segments

A
  • Bicep: C6
  • Triceps: C7
  • Knee-jerk: L3
  • Ankle-jerk: S2
36
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon + diencephalon

37
Q

GVE innervation

A

paramedian branches

(basilar if 4th ventricle or above)

(ASA if below 4th ventricle)

38
Q

Trigeminal Sensory Complex receives which CNs

A

GSA (5, 7, 9, 10)

39
Q

NTS receives which CNs

A

GVA, SVA

(7, 9, 10)

40
Q

Slow adapting receptors

A
  • Merkel’s disks, Ruffini endings
  • Produce continual APs over duration of stimulus
  • Eventually adapt after several minutes
41
Q

Fast-adapting receptors

A
  • Paciian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Diminish in response very quickly
  • Respondt o changes in stimulus intensity
42
Q

Peripheral vs Central sensitization

A
  • Peripheral = DRG level
    • Primary hyperalgesia
  • Central = upper pathway
    • Secondary hyperalgesia
43
Q

UMN Signs

A
  • Paresis (weakness)
  • Hypertonia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Appearance of neonatal reflexes
44
Q

LMN Signs

A
  • Weakness, paralysis
  • Decreased or abolished reflexes
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Hypotonia (flaccidity)

LMN signs always trump UMN signs!

FN Unit 3 (13 decks)

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