Unit 3 - Surgical Procedures Flashcards
1
Q
The availability of procedures depends on what 6 things?
A
- facility of availability
- surgeon
- patient health status
- after care ability
- prognosis
- economics
2
Q
What two types of surgery are there?
A
Standing and general
3
Q
What is the criteria of standing surgery in equine?
A
- safety
- general anesthesia risks
- large animals (recumbency risk)
- stress
- problems with anesthesia
- cost restraints
4
Q
How long do we restrict grains/hay from equine in standing surgery?
A
grain for 12 hrs
hay for 2-6 hrs
5
Q
What 3 things do we use for pain control in equine?
A
Nerve block, field block, and epidural
6
Q
In which movable intercoccygeal space is the epidural administered?
A
1st
7
Q
How long is grain/hay withheld before general anesthesia in equine?
A
> 12hrs
8
Q
What does atropine do?
A
Depress GI motility
9
Q
What do we do before intubation that helps remove debris?
A
clean mouth
10
Q
What 5 things can reduce compartment syndrome risk?
A
- minimize anesthesia time
- minimize anesthesia depth
- use cushions
- reduce carbs before surgery
- maintain B/P
11
Q
What are the 3 methods of induction/maintenance?
A
- injectable/injectable
- injectable/gas
- gas/gas
12
Q
What are the three routes of intubation in equine?
A
- orotracheal
- nasotracheal
- direct tracheal
13
Q
Which route of intubation is used in foals only?
A
nasotracheal
14
Q
How long can tourniquets be used on equine for homeostasis?
A
up to 2 hrs
15
Q
During recovery, in what position should equine remain in until getting up?
A
Lateral recumbency
16
Q
What age is castration done in equine?
A
1-2 years = gelding
17
Q
What three things are reduced with castration?
A
- reduces sexual behavior
- reduces aggressive behavior
- prevents reproduction
18
Q
What is cryptorchid?
A
failure of testicles to descend
19
Q
What vaccine is given with castration in equine?
A
Tetanus prophylaxis
20
Q
How soon can equine exercise after castration?
A
24 hrs
21
Q
What does ‘sunken anus’ mean?
A
anus is cranial to vulva
22
Q
When do we remove breeder’s stitch from caslick surgery in equine?
A
10-21 days before foaling
23
Q
What vaccine is given after caslick surgery in equine?
A
Tetanus
24
Q
What are the three surgical drainages for gutteral pouch surgery in equine?
A
- modified whitehouse
- viborg’s triangle
- hyovertebrotomy
25
What three economic values dictate if surgery is performed in bovine?
1. high producing dairy cattle
2. registered breeding stock
3. pets
26
Majority of standing surgery in bovine is done with a combination of what three things?
1. restraint
2. sedation/tranquilization
3. local-regional block
27
Restraint during standing surgery in bovine is dependent on what?
- facilities: personnel available & duration
- patient factors (temperament and anatomical location)
- anticipated pain/general health
28
How long is food withheld before surgery in cattle? Water?
12-14hrs food; <6 hrs water
29
What medication do we use for local anesthesia in bovine? What %?
lidocaine 2%
30
When giving a paravertebral block which 3 spinal roots do we use in cattle?
T-13, L-1, L-2
31
Where is the cornual nerve block given?
"HORN" - nerve between eye and horn
32
Where are bier blocks given in bovine?
Distal to tourniquet, use padding
33
When are caudal epidurals given in bovine?
Obstetric procedures
34
What does the caudal epidural block? (bovine)
tail, anus, perineum, vulva, caudal vagina, and caudal thigh
35
What is the onset/duration of caudal epidurals? (bovine)
onset: 10-20 mins
duration: 1-2 hrs
36
What are the 4 risks bovine face with general anesthesia?
1. regurgitation
2. bloat
3. hypoventilation
4. compartment syndrome
37
What can we do to prevent regurgitation?
Cattle: pull food 12-36 hours, water 6-12 hours
Calves: food 2-4 hours, water 0 hours
Neonates: food and water 0 hours
- cuff endotracheal tubes!
38
Which preanesthetic drug are cattle very sensitive to and require 1/10 of horse dose?
Xylazine
39
Inhalant gas (induction drug) is used when cattle are less than _____lbs.
150
40
What three drugs are in the triple drip?
1. guaifenesin
2. xylazine
3. ketamine
41
What two drugs are in the double drip?
1. guaifenesin
2. ketamine
42
During maintenance, inhalant gas can be used if less than ___ hr(s).
1 hr
43
When monitoring ventilation during general anesthesia in bovine, how many breaths/min are desired? (it's a range)
20-40 B/M
44
When IV fluids are given, what is added for neonates? (bovine)
Dextrose
45
What position do cattle recover in?
Sternal recumbency
46
If lateral recumbency is required during recovery, which side is preferred?
right
47
Castration in bovine is best done when? (2 things)
- young
- no flies
48
What two things are used in open castration in cattle?
1. newberry knife
2. emasculator
49
Which two things are used in closed castration in cattle?
1. emasculatome (burdizzo)
2. elastrator
50
What are some complications of castration?
Hemorrhage and infection
51
Ruminants may be horned or __________.
polled
52
Chemical cautery of horns is done when?
1st week of life
53
What kind of dehorner is the Barnes dehorner?
tube dehorner
54
What wire is used for dehorning?
Gigli wire
55
What are complications of dehorning procedures?
- hemorrhage
- infection
- flies "MYIASIS"
56
What term is used to describe extra teats?
Supernumerary
57
What vaccination is considered for all surgical procedures in bovine?
Tetanus
58
In ovine/caprine how long is food withheld? Lambs/kids? Neonates?
- adults 12-24 hrs
- lambs/kids 2-4 hrs
- neonates 0 hrs
59
What percent of lidocaine do we use in sheep/goats? Why?
1% because they're very sensitive to it
60
How many mLs (range) of lidocaine are used per site in a paravertebral block in sheep/goats?
2-5 mL per site
61
What cornual nerve(s) do sheep have?
Only lacrimal nerve
62
What cornual nerve(s) do goats have?
Lacrimal and infratrochlear nerve
63
Where is the lacrimal nerve located?
Caudal to the eye, deep
64
Where is the infratrochlear nerve located?
Rostral to the eye, shallow
65
IV analgesia is referred to the _____ block. (ovine/caprine)
Bier block
66
What is the range of IV/ epidural anesthetic given per 50kg in ovine/caprine?
0.5-1mL per 50 kg
67
Face mask induction is used if the goat/sheep weighs less than ____lbs
150 lbs
68
What range should the heart rate be kept at during surgery? (ovine/caprine)
80-150 bpm
69
Pet goats/sheep castration is performed at 5-6 mos. to allow what to mature?
Urethra
70
Open castration in adult sheep/goats is complicated by what?
Blood supply
71
What two things should be given for open castration in goats/sheep?
1. tetanus
2. antibiotics
72
What two things are used in closed castration of sheep/goats?
1. elastrator bands
2. emasculatome
73
Why do we tail dock sheep/goats? (3 reasons)
1. Improves sanitary conditions
2. Increases productivity in ewes (reproduction)
3. Appearance
74
What age is tail docking done? (ovine/caprine)
Before 2 weeks of age
75
What kind of anesthesia is given for sheep/goat c-section?
L block
76
What kind of restraint is used for C-sections in goats/sheep?
Assistants restrain
77
What direction do you cut off supernumerary teats in goats/sheep?
Craniocaudal
78
Where are the scent glands located on male sheep/goats?
Caudomedially from horn bud
79
Camelids are at risk of _______________ but not bloat.
regurgitation
80
How long is food withheld from camelids over 4 months? Under 4 months?
Over 4 months: 12-18 hrs
Under 4 months: 0 hrs
81
What two things do camelids struggle with when fasting?
1. hyperthermia
2. hypoglycemia
82
What two complications are common in camelid general anesthesia?
1. excessive salivation
2. nasal edema
83
What are the 4 common preanesthetic drugs?
1. xylazine (sedates)
2. diazepam (calms)
3. guaifenesin (muscle relaxant)
4. atropine (decreases GI motility)
84
What combination of drugs are used for induction in camelids?
ketamine and diazepam
85
Keep camelids heads ______ to drain saliva.
Down
86
Once in maintenance, what drug(s) do we give IV in camelids?
Ketamine
87
What complication is common during recovery in camelids?
Nasal edema
88
When do we extubate camelids?
After chewing activity
89
Do we extubate camelids with the cuff inflated or deflated?
Inflated
90
What age is castration performed in camelids?
2 yrs of age
91
What complications happen if castration is done before 2 yrs of age?
- straight hindlegs
- lateral patellar luxation
- osteoarthritis
92
Scrotal castration is done _____________ or recumbent in camelids.
standing or recumbent
93
Prescrotal castration in camelids is done in what position?
Lateral recumbency
94
What two approaches are used in camelid c-sections?
1. paralumbar fossa
2. ventral midline laparotomy
95
What dictates if surgical procedures are done in swine?
economics
96
Surgery in swine is recumbent. What 3 methods are used?
1. gas anesthesia
2. sedation
3. local anesthetic
97
What do we watch for in swine during surgery?
Malignant hyperthermia
98
What is malignant hyperthermia part of?
Porcine stress syndrome (PSS)
99
What gene is inherited that causes porcine stress syndrome?
Halothane gene
100
What does 'PSE' pork stand for?
Pale soft exudative - poor meat
101
Lumbosacral epidurals in swine are considered _________.
cranial
102
In what position do we inject in for lumbosacral epidurals in swine?
Standing
103
What drug is used for lumbosacral epidurals in swine? Do we combine it with others?
Lidocaine, no combinations
104
What are the two major risks for general anesthesia in swine?
Hypoventilation and hyperthermia
105
Hypoventilation -> _____________ -> ______________.
hypoxia, death
106
What three things cause airway obstruction in swine?
laryngospasms, small airway, edema
107
What three things cause hypoventilation in swine?
Airway obstruction, respiratory depression, limited expansion of chest wall.
108
How long is food withheld from piglets? Adults?
1-3 hrs for piglets
6-12 hrs for adults
109
What preanesthetic drug is given to swine to slow salivation?
Atropine
110
Which IV induction drug is safest in PSS swine?
Thiobarbituates
111
What type of gas do we avoid in gas induction of swine?
Halothane gas
112
What do we spray to lessen laryngospasms during intubation in swine?
Lidocaine
113
When intubating swine, start with the tube bent _________ then turn _________ after clearing the larynx.
ventral, dorsal
114
What range should swine heart rate be during surgery?
50-150 bpm
115
What is the most important thing to monitor during surgery in swine?
Temperature
116
What position do swine recover in after surgery?
sternal recumbency
117
Castrating market pigs prevents what in the meat?
Boar taint
118
Small umbilical hernia openings in swine allow ________ to pass through.
omentum
119
Large umbilical hernia openings in swine allow __________ to pass through.
intestines
120
What two things do we use to treat umbilical hernias in swine?
hernia clamp or elastrator band
121
What 4 problems are common with umbilical hernias in swine?
1. dehiscence (separation of wound edges)
2. reoccurrence
3. infection
4. pass on genetics (breeding stock)
122
When do we perform c-sections in swine?
As early as possible
123
At what age do tusks/adult canine teeth stop growing in female swine?
2 years
124
What are the two forms of detusking in swine?
surgical and trimming
125
What three methods are used in trimming tusks?
1. gigli wire - BEST
2. hoof trimmer
3. hammer
126
How often should dehusking on swine be done?
every year
