Unit 3 Study

Question 1

Pop Culture

Answer 1

cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today’s changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies

Question 2

Material Culture

Answer 2

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

Question 3

hierarchical diffusion

Answer 3

a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples and then to other people

Question 4

Melting pot

Answer 4

The “melting pot theory” assumes that various immigrant groups will tend to “melt together”, abandoning their individual cultures and eventually becoming fully assimilated into the predominated society

Question 5

Cultural Appropriation

Answer 5

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

Question 6

Neolocalism

Answer 6

the seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

Question 7

Cultural Landscape

Answer 7

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Question 8

Identity

Answer 8

how we make sense of ourselves; how people see themselves at different scales

Question 9

Racism

Answer 9

a system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals; an ideology of difference that ascribes (predominantly negative) significance and meaning to culturally, socially, and politically constructed ideas

Question 10

Prejudice

Answer 10

an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason

Question 11

Ethnicity

Answer 11

affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

Question 12

Dialects

Answer 12

local or regional characteristics of a language; a dialect has distinctive grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary variation

Question 13

language families

Answer 13

groups of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

Question 14

Standard Language

Answer 14

the variant of language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of life

Question 15

language branches

Answer 15

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago

Question 16

Lingua Franca

Answer 16

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce

Question 17

official language

Answer 17

in multicultural countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government

Question 18

Pidgin language

Answer 18

when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

Question 19

Romance languages

Answer 19

languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed

Question 20

monotheistic religions

Answer 20

belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe

Question 21

polytheistic religions

Answer 21

belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters if all that exists in the universe

Question 22

Hinduism

Answer 22

The main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form

Question 23

caste system

Answer 23

the strict social segregation of people - specifically in India’s Hindu society - on the basis of ancestry and occupation

Question 24

Buddhism

Answer 24

religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. Buddhism splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism

Question 25

Judaism

Answer 25

religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god; according to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews

Question 26

Islam

Answer 26

the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qur’an (Koran), the Islamic holy book

Question 27

Diffusion of Christianity

Answer 27

• Expansion diffusion + relocation diffusion
• Declined after fall of Roman Empire, then spread through contagious diffusion from remote places (coastal Ireland and Scotland) throughout Western Europe
• Eastern Orthodox:
  Contagious diffusion with hearth in Constantinople to north and northeast
• Protestantism
  Spread with some degree through contagious diffusion with hearth in several parts of Western Europe
  Spread in Northern and Central Europe mainly through hierarchical diffusion because political leaders converted, then population slowly accepts new religion
• World-wide relocation diffusion:
  During era of European colonialism in 16th century
  Spain brought Catholic faith to Middle and South America
  Protestant refugees came to North America in large numbers
  Missionary efforts, Catholicism spread to Congo, Angola, Mozambique, and the Philippines