Unit 3 skill acquisition Flashcards
what is the definition of a skill?
skill is the learned ability to choose and perform the right techniques at the right time effectively within competition
definition of ability
qualities we have as a person that we have inherited from parents
definition of learning
it is the more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change in performance
definition of performance
it is a demonstration of the solving of a problem or task at any given moment in time
what is the link between learning and performance?
as learning takes place we usually see a gradual improvement in performance
what are the types of ability?
- foundation
- genetically determined
-enduring - pychomotor ability
- perceptual ability
- gross motor ability
what is the foundation of ability?
it is the learning process
to achieve this they must have certain abilities
what does genetically determined mean?
people that are born with abilities with which some find difficult to learn
what does enduring mean?
people that display ability for a long time
what is pyschomotor ability?
it enables a performer to process information about when they move
what is perceptual ability?
the ability to sense and interpret sensory inputs e.g. coordination
what is gross motor ability?
to have the ability to move in coordinated muscle movements
name 4 characteristics of an expert performer
- accurate
- controlled
- consistent
- successful
name 4 characteristic of a novice performer
- jerky
- inaccurate
- slow
- tired
name the classifications of skill
- open/ closed skill
- simple/ complex skill
- externally paced/ self-paced
- low/ high skill
- gross/ fine skill
- discrete/ serial/ continuous skill
what is an open skill? give an example
-a form of action that is varied to environment around performer
-has no clear beginning or end
- occurs in an unpredictable environment
- e.g. dribbling in basketball
what is a closed skill? give an example
- it is pre-learned and habitual
- has a clear beginning and end
- occurs in a predictable environment
- e.g. free throw in basketball
what is a simple skill? give an example
- straight forward skill with few subroutines
- little concentration needed
- e.g. running
what is a complex skill? give an example
- complicated skills that require lots of practise
- habitual and learned
- e.g. gymnastics vault
what is an externally paced skill? give an example
- skill that is controlled by environment
- based on opposing team or weather
- e.g. netball pass or sailing
what is a self-paced skill? give an example
- rate of action is controlled by performer
- e.g. golf
what is a low skill? give an example
- has a low organisational structure
- it is not complicated
- subroutines can be discrete and practised separately
- e.g. long jump
what is a high skill? give an example
-it has a complex organisational structure
-subroutines are closely linked
- skill is practised as a whole
- e.g. gymnastics vault
what is a gross skill? give an example
- it uses large muscle movements
- it includes strength, endurance and power
- e.g. weightlifting
what is a fine skill? give an example
- it uses small delicate muscle movements
- it includes speed and accuracy
- e.g. cricket
what is a discrete skill? give an example
- it has a clear beginning and end
- performed individually
- no links to other skills
- can be repeated but starts again
-e.g. javelin
what is a serial skill? give an example
- number of individual skills linked together
- it consists of different phases
-e.g. triple jump ( hop, step, jump)
what is a continuous skill? give an example
- cant be split into subroutines
- lasts a long time
-e.g. dribbling
definition of methods of practise
it is ways in which a skill can be taught to maximise performance
what are the factors affecting the choice of method of practise?
- type of skill
- complexity of skill
- environment
- ability of performer
- motivation of performer
name the methods of practise
- fixed practise
- variable practise
- whole practise
- part practise
- progressive part practise
- distributed practise
- massed practise
- mental practise
what is fixed practise? give an example
-they are closed skills that need to be learned over
- environment that stays the same
- e.g. long jump
what is variable practise? give an example
- they are open skills practised in a changing environment
- e.g. 3v2 attacking in basketball
what is whole practise? give an example
- skills that are in high organisation
- need to be taught as a whole
- e.g. dribbling
what is part practise? give an example
- skills that are low in organisation
- broken into subroutines
- to reduce overload
- e.g. shotput
what is progressive part practise? give an example
- different parts of a skill are practised and linked together to create a complex skill
- suitable for serial skills
- e.g. triple jump
what is distributed practise? give an example
- lots of rest intervals
- good for beginners who are learning
- e.g. weightlifting
what is massed practise? give an example
- no rest intervals in a long session
- good for discrete skills
- has a negative transfer
- e.g. golf swing
what is mental practise? give an example
- mental rehearsal of a skill without physical movement
- top level athletes use this to visualise them doing the skill
- e.g. gymnastics tumble
what are the stages of learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- automonous
what is the cognitive stage of learning?
- used for beginners
- improvement is rapid
- movement is jerky and uncoordinated
- demands high attention and concentration
what is the associative stage of learning?
- intermediate level
- improvement is less rapid
- consistency and coordination improve rapidly
- detailed feedback is utilised
what is the autonomous stage of learning?
- performance is automatic
- advanced level
- less errors detected but can resolve them without help
- attention demand reduces
what are the types of guidance?
- visual
- verbal
- mechanical
- manual
what is visual guidance?
- used in cognitive stage of learning
- performer learns through demonstrations by video/ model/ poster
what is verbal guidance?
- used for all stages of learning
- it accompanies visual
- the amount of guidance must be controlled
what is manual guidance?
- used in cognitive stage of learning
- it is physical support to place limbs in correct positions
- useful for safety reasons
what is mechanical guidance?
-it is used by mechanical aid ( somersault ring for trampolinists)
- gives confidence and ensures safety
- not to be over done as over- reliance can occur
definition of feedback
information used during and after a skill
what is the importance of feedback?
- to gain an insight into performance and quality
- feedback is high to coach as it can improve skill levels
what is concurrent feedback?
- used during a performance
- improves skills while in action
what is terminal feedback?
- used after a performance has finished
what are the types of feedback?
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
what is intrinsic feedback?
- feedback from the performer
- they can gain feedback through watching competitors
- associative/ autonomous stage of learning
- feedback from within the body is known as proprioceptive feedback
what is the knowledge of performance in extrinsic feedback?
- it is feedback from the coach or video
- can include the quality, rhythm or aesthetics
what is the knowledge of results in extrinsic feedback?
- souces of information; coach , video, tv
- information on outcome: success/ failure, distance/ time/ height
what is important when giving feedback?
- performer understands information
- it is accurate and well-informed
- info is selective and specific
- encourage intrinsic feedback
what are the functions of giving feedback?
- motivational
- informational
- reinforcement
what are the types of transfer of learning?
- positive
- negative
- bilateral
- proactive
- retroactive
what is positive transfer? give an example
learning 1 task is enhanced by learning in another task
e.g. a golf stroke may be enhanced by player being good at cricket
what is negative transfer? give an example
learning a new task is interfered with knowledge of a similar activity
e.g. wrist for badminton interfere with wrist for tennis
what is bilateral transfer? give an example
the transfer of limb to limb
e.g. footballer learns to kick football with non- preferred foot but gets reference from good side by brain
what is proactive transfer? give an example
the influence of 1 skill on a skill that hasnt been learned yet
e.g. forehand drive in tennis is modified to forehand drive with top spin
what is retroactive transfer? give an example
the influence of 1 skill on a skill that has been previously learned
e.g. hockey player learns flick skill which may negatively effect on learned push skill
what else can bilateral transfer be known as?
lateralisation
what are the stages of observational learning?
- demonstration
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- motivation
- matching performance
what is Bandura’s theory?
a performer is more likely to copy significant other or role models that are seen as high status
