Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSC 201 > Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Related to the physical interaction of a stimulus with a sensory receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 different ways to think of light

A
  1. Particles of energy (photons) 2. Waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What wavelength can humans see visible light?

A

380-760nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wavelength corresponds to…

A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intensity corresponds to…

A

Brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cornea

A

Primary refractive element, stronger of 2 lenses (most curvature, does 2/3 of work)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Iris

A

Double-shaped band of contractile tissue that gives eye its color and regulates amount of light entering eye via pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lens

A

Secondary refractive element (for near vision: “accommodation”-meaning the process of adjusting the lens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Retina

A

Epithelial tissue upon which image is projected, containing photoreceptors and associated neuronal circuitry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Extra-ocular muscles

A

(Horizontal, vertical, and oblique pairs) control eye movements: 1. Voluntary- saccadic and smooth pursuit
2. Reflexive- image stabilization re head movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Accomodation

A

The process of adjusting the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of lens do far objects focus on?

A

Flat lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of lens do near objects focus on?

A

Fat lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

5 layers (front to back) in retina

A
  1. Retinal ganglion cells 2. Amacrine cells 3. Bipolar cells 4. Horizontal cells 5. Photoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What muscles alter the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Optic disk

A

“Blind spot”, exit point for optic nerve (axons of retinal ganglion cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Completion

A

Visual system “fills in” the blind spot based on information from the eye or surrounding detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Scotopic vision

A

Rods, high sensitivity (nighttime), low acuity (high convergence), no color, rods are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Photopic vision

A

Cones, low sensitivity (daytime), high acuity (low convergence), color, cones are more sensitive to longer wavelengths of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of cones in retina

A
  1. Red- most sensitive to long wavelengths (L)
  2. Green- sensitive to mid-range of wavelengths (M)
  3. Blue- sensitive to short wavelengths (S)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are there few blue types of cones in humans?

A

Lens focuses longer wavelengths of light onto the retina and blue is sensitive to short wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Photopigments consist of what 2 components?

A
  1. Retinal 2. Opsin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Retinal

A

A small molecule derived from Vitamin A that changes shape as it absorbs light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Opsin

A

A protein which determines the spectrum of photons captured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Retinotopic

A

Orderly “space map” of contralateral visual hemi-field in each layer of LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

M cells are in what layers of LGN?

A

Layers 1 and 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

P cells are in what layers of LGN?

A

Layers 3-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What layers are contralateral nasal hemi-retina?

A

Layers 1,4,6

30
Q

What layers are ipsilateral temporal hemi-retina?

A

Layers 2,3,5

31
Q

Neuronal (‘long”) touch receptors of the skin (4)

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Merkel’s disks
  3. Ruffini endings
  4. Pacinian corpuscles
32
Q

Meissner

A

Rapid pressure, light touch, stroke

33
Q

Merkel

A

Slow pressure, touch, fine spacial details

34
Q

Ruffini

A

Slow pressure, stretch, finger position

35
Q

Pacinian

A

Rapid pressure, vibration, strong pressure

36
Q

Muscle spindles

A

In parallel with muscle fibers, signal muscle length

37
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

In series with muscle fibers, signal muscle tension

38
Q

FLASHCARDS

A

https://quizlet.com/57308160/somatosensory-system-flash-cards/

39
Q

2 structures in vestibular system

A
  1. Semicircular canals 2. Otolith organs
40
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Detect turning movements of head, angular acceleration (rapid adaption), paired with another on opposite side of head, creates “push-pull” motion

41
Q

Otolith organs

A

Sense changes of head angle (position of head), sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration

42
Q

2 streams from SI

A
  1. Dorsal stream from SI to posterior parietal cortex: direct attention
  2. Ventral stream through SII (bilateral) to prefrontal: perception of object shape
43
Q

Taste

A

Sensations relayed by taste receptor cells in the oral cavity, 5 basic tastes

44
Q

Flavor

A

Depends on both taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)

45
Q

5 basic tastes

A
  1. Sweet- non-ionic
  2. Salty- ionic
  3. Sour-ionic
  4. Bitter-non-ionic
  5. Umami-non-ionic
46
Q

Taste bud accessory structures (papillae) (3)

A
  1. Vallate
  2. Foliate
  3. Fungiform
47
Q

How many taste buds and taste cells do humans have?

A

TB: 2000-5000

Taste cells: 50-100 per TB

48
Q

Direct transduction in taste

A

Salty & sour

49
Q

Indirect transduction in taste

A

Sweet, bitter, umami

50
Q

Apraxia

A

Damage in PPAC, inability to make a requested movement, can’t form intent

51
Q

3 major areas of secondary motor cortex

A
  1. Premotor
  2. Supplementary
  3. Cingulate
52
Q

Intrinsic Space Hypothesis

A

M1 controls muscles, movement dynamics like force, position, and velocity

53
Q

Extrinsic Space Hypothesis

A

M1 controls movement, higher level, abstract kinematic aspects of movement like speed, range, and direction

54
Q

PPAC function

A

Stimulation gives intent to perform action

55
Q

DLPFAC function

A

Forms a plan to move, anticipates consequence

56
Q

Secondary motor cortex function

A

Makes specific set of instructions from general plan

57
Q

Primary motor cortex function

A

Execution of movement

58
Q

2 major cortical loops

A
  1. Through basal ganglia and secondary motor cortex: selects and initiates action
  2. Through cerebellum and primary motor cortex: modulates and sequences muscle contractions while a movement is in progress
59
Q

Basal ganglia parts (4)

A
  1. Striatum (caudate & putamen)
  2. Global pallidus (external and internal)
  3. Subthalamic nucleus
  4. Substantia nigra
60
Q

Basal ganglia pathways (2)

A
  1. Direct: excitation
    Facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs in the cerebral cortex that are adaptive for the present task
  2. Indirect/hyper-direct: inhibition
    Inhibits the execution of competing motor programs
61
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Favors D2 (no voter), indirect

62
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Favors D1 (yes voter), direct

63
Q

Parts of cerebellum (2)

A
  1. Cerebellar cortex: lobes, lobules, vermis (midline), lateral hemispheres
  2. Cerebellar nuclei: communicates cerebellar cortical output to other brain centers like motor cortex, descending motor pathways, and vestibular nuclei
64
Q

Function of motor loop through cerebellum (3)

A
  1. To modulate and sequence muscle contractions for voluntary movements.
  2. To evaluate disparities between intention and action.
  3. To correct output of cortical and subcortical motor systems while movement is in progress.
65
Q

Cerebellar disorders (3)

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Asynergia
  3. Dysmetria
66
Q

Ataxia

A

Intention tremor, disturbances in rate and regularity of alternating movements

67
Q

Asynergia

A

Prolonged reaction times, “decomposition” of multi-joint movements

68
Q

Dysmetria

A

Undershoot or overshoot of movements toward objects

69
Q

Descending motor pathways (4)

A

Dorsolateral tracts: **Grey matter touches spinal cord, makes H, butterfly shape

  1. Corticospinal (direct)
  2. Corticorubospinal

Ventromedial:

  1. Corticospinal (direct)
  2. Cortico-brainstem-spinal
70
Q

Dorsolateral tracts

A 
-one direct tract, one that
synapses in the brain stem
-terminate in one contralateral
spinal cord segment
-distal muscles
-limb movements
71
Q

Ventromedial tracts

A 
-one direct tract, one that
synapses in the brain stem
-terminate in multiple, bilateral
spinal cord segments
-proximal muscles
-posture and whole body
movements

NSC 201 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions