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NSC 201 > Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Related to the physical interaction of a stimulus with a sensory receptor

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2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensation

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3
Q

2 different ways to think of light

A
  1. Particles of energy (photons) 2. Waves
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4
Q

What wavelength can humans see visible light?

A

380-760nm

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5
Q

Wavelength corresponds to…

A

Color

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6
Q

Intensity corresponds to…

A

Brightness

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7
Q

Cornea

A

Primary refractive element, stronger of 2 lenses (most curvature, does 2/3 of work)

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8
Q

Iris

A

Double-shaped band of contractile tissue that gives eye its color and regulates amount of light entering eye via pupil

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9
Q

Lens

A

Secondary refractive element (for near vision: “accommodation”-meaning the process of adjusting the lens)

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10
Q

Retina

A

Epithelial tissue upon which image is projected, containing photoreceptors and associated neuronal circuitry

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11
Q

Extra-ocular muscles

A

(Horizontal, vertical, and oblique pairs) control eye movements: 1. Voluntary- saccadic and smooth pursuit
2. Reflexive- image stabilization re head movements

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12
Q

Accomodation

A

The process of adjusting the lens

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13
Q

What kind of lens do far objects focus on?

A

Flat lens

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14
Q

What kind of lens do near objects focus on?

A

Fat lens

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15
Q

5 layers (front to back) in retina

A
  1. Retinal ganglion cells 2. Amacrine cells 3. Bipolar cells 4. Horizontal cells 5. Photoreceptors
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16
Q

What muscles alter the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscles

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17
Q

Optic disk

A

“Blind spot”, exit point for optic nerve (axons of retinal ganglion cells)

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18
Q

Completion

A

Visual system “fills in” the blind spot based on information from the eye or surrounding detail

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19
Q

Scotopic vision

A

Rods, high sensitivity (nighttime), low acuity (high convergence), no color, rods are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light

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20
Q

Photopic vision

A

Cones, low sensitivity (daytime), high acuity (low convergence), color, cones are more sensitive to longer wavelengths of light

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21
Q

3 types of cones in retina

A
  1. Red- most sensitive to long wavelengths (L)
  2. Green- sensitive to mid-range of wavelengths (M)
  3. Blue- sensitive to short wavelengths (S)
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22
Q

Why are there few blue types of cones in humans?

A

Lens focuses longer wavelengths of light onto the retina and blue is sensitive to short wavelengths

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23
Q

Photopigments consist of what 2 components?

A
  1. Retinal 2. Opsin
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24
Q

Retinal

A

A small molecule derived from Vitamin A that changes shape as it absorbs light

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25
Q

Opsin

A

A protein which determines the spectrum of photons captured

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26
Q

Retinotopic

A

Orderly “space map” of contralateral visual hemi-field in each layer of LGN

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27
Q

M cells are in what layers of LGN?

A

Layers 1 and 2

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28
Q

P cells are in what layers of LGN?

A

Layers 3-6

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29
Q

What layers are contralateral nasal hemi-retina?

A

Layers 1,4,6

30
Q

What layers are ipsilateral temporal hemi-retina?

A

Layers 2,3,5

31
Q

Neuronal (‘long”) touch receptors of the skin (4)

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Merkel’s disks
  3. Ruffini endings
  4. Pacinian corpuscles
32
Q

Meissner

A

Rapid pressure, light touch, stroke

33
Q

Merkel

A

Slow pressure, touch, fine spacial details

34
Q

Ruffini

A

Slow pressure, stretch, finger position

35
Q

Pacinian

A

Rapid pressure, vibration, strong pressure

36
Q

Muscle spindles

A

In parallel with muscle fibers, signal muscle length

37
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

In series with muscle fibers, signal muscle tension

38
Q

FLASHCARDS

A

https://quizlet.com/57308160/somatosensory-system-flash-cards/

39
Q

2 structures in vestibular system

A
  1. Semicircular canals 2. Otolith organs
40
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Detect turning movements of head, angular acceleration (rapid adaption), paired with another on opposite side of head, creates “push-pull” motion

41
Q

Otolith organs

A

Sense changes of head angle (position of head), sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration

42
Q

2 streams from SI

A
  1. Dorsal stream from SI to posterior parietal cortex: direct attention
  2. Ventral stream through SII (bilateral) to prefrontal: perception of object shape
43
Q

Taste

A

Sensations relayed by taste receptor cells in the oral cavity, 5 basic tastes

44
Q

Flavor

A

Depends on both taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)

45
Q

5 basic tastes

A
  1. Sweet- non-ionic
  2. Salty- ionic
  3. Sour-ionic
  4. Bitter-non-ionic
  5. Umami-non-ionic
46
Q

Taste bud accessory structures (papillae) (3)

A
  1. Vallate
  2. Foliate
  3. Fungiform
47
Q

How many taste buds and taste cells do humans have?

A

TB: 2000-5000

Taste cells: 50-100 per TB

48
Q

Direct transduction in taste

A

Salty & sour

49
Q

Indirect transduction in taste

A

Sweet, bitter, umami

50
Q

Apraxia

A

Damage in PPAC, inability to make a requested movement, can’t form intent

51
Q

3 major areas of secondary motor cortex

A
  1. Premotor
  2. Supplementary
  3. Cingulate
52
Q

Intrinsic Space Hypothesis

A

M1 controls muscles, movement dynamics like force, position, and velocity

53
Q

Extrinsic Space Hypothesis

A

M1 controls movement, higher level, abstract kinematic aspects of movement like speed, range, and direction

54
Q

PPAC function

A

Stimulation gives intent to perform action

55
Q

DLPFAC function

A

Forms a plan to move, anticipates consequence

56
Q

Secondary motor cortex function

A

Makes specific set of instructions from general plan

57
Q

Primary motor cortex function

A

Execution of movement

58
Q

2 major cortical loops

A
  1. Through basal ganglia and secondary motor cortex: selects and initiates action
  2. Through cerebellum and primary motor cortex: modulates and sequences muscle contractions while a movement is in progress
59
Q

Basal ganglia parts (4)

A
  1. Striatum (caudate & putamen)
  2. Global pallidus (external and internal)
  3. Subthalamic nucleus
  4. Substantia nigra
60
Q

Basal ganglia pathways (2)

A
  1. Direct: excitation
    Facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs in the cerebral cortex that are adaptive for the present task
  2. Indirect/hyper-direct: inhibition
    Inhibits the execution of competing motor programs
61
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Favors D2 (no voter), indirect

62
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Favors D1 (yes voter), direct

63
Q

Parts of cerebellum (2)

A
  1. Cerebellar cortex: lobes, lobules, vermis (midline), lateral hemispheres
  2. Cerebellar nuclei: communicates cerebellar cortical output to other brain centers like motor cortex, descending motor pathways, and vestibular nuclei
64
Q

Function of motor loop through cerebellum (3)

A
  1. To modulate and sequence muscle contractions for voluntary movements.
  2. To evaluate disparities between intention and action.
  3. To correct output of cortical and subcortical motor systems while movement is in progress.
65
Q

Cerebellar disorders (3)

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Asynergia
  3. Dysmetria
66
Q

Ataxia

A

Intention tremor, disturbances in rate and regularity of alternating movements

67
Q

Asynergia

A

Prolonged reaction times, “decomposition” of multi-joint movements

68
Q

Dysmetria

A

Undershoot or overshoot of movements toward objects

69
Q

Descending motor pathways (4)

A

Dorsolateral tracts: **Grey matter touches spinal cord, makes H, butterfly shape

  1. Corticospinal (direct)
  2. Corticorubospinal

Ventromedial:

  1. Corticospinal (direct)
  2. Cortico-brainstem-spinal
70
Q

Dorsolateral tracts

A 
-one direct tract, one that
synapses in the brain stem
-terminate in one contralateral
spinal cord segment
-distal muscles
-limb movements
71
Q

Ventromedial tracts

A 
-one direct tract, one that
synapses in the brain stem
-terminate in multiple, bilateral
spinal cord segments
-proximal muscles
-posture and whole body
movements

NSC 201 (5 decks)

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