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NSC 201 > Final Exam (material from previous tests) > Flashcards

Final Exam (material from previous tests) Flashcards

1
Q

Microglia

A

Digest damaged neurons and infectious agents

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2
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Provide myelin in CNS

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3
Q

Retrograde

A

Terminal –> soma (dynein)

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4
Q

Anterograde

A

Soma–> terminal (kinesin)

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5
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removes noncoding regions from genes

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6
Q

Where do proteins synthesized in free ribosome go to?

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

Sends input to primary motor cortex –> cerebellum

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8
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus

A

Cerebellum provides indirect input back to motor cortex via VLN of thalamus

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9
Q

Excitatory cells

A

Pyramidal, spiny, radial

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10
Q

Inhibitory cells

A

GABAgeric, aspinous, tangential

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11
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

Neurons are separate, distinct entities

Proof: Use of electron microscope

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12
Q

Difference between dendrites and axons

A
  1. Branches (angles) 2. Length 3. Protein synthesis or not 4. Myelin or not
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13
Q

4 ways CNS is protected

A
  1. Bones 2. Meninges 3. Spinal fluid 4. Blood barrier
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14
Q

Fiber tract types

A

Association, commisural, projection

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Directs proteins to be inserted into cell membrane around membrane

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16
Q

Microtubules

A

Dynamically regulated (assembled and disassembled)

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17
Q

Initial site of protein synthesis

A

Free ribosomes

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18
Q

Atypical site of protein synthesis

A

Dendrite

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19
Q

Organized in dermatomes

A

Somatic

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20
Q

Contains a ventricular system

A

Central

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21
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Peripheral

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22
Q

Thoracic efferents to smooth muscles

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

Exhibits ipsilateral control of sensory and skeletal motor systems

A

Spinal cord

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24
Q

LGN (location and function)

A

Diencephalon, vision

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25
Q

Pontine nucleus (location and function)

A

Metencephalon, motor

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26
Q

Periaqueductal gray (location and function)

A

Mesencephalon, pain

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27
Q

Inferior olive

A

Myelencephalon, motor

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28
Q

Induces formation of floor plate

A

SHH

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29
Q

Governs fate of gliogenic stem cells

A

Notch

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30
Q

Promotes aggregation of structures in anterior half of cerebrum

A

pax6

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31
Q

Diffusible repellant of axons in spinal cord

A

Slit

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32
Q

Antagonizes induction of neural plate

A

BMP

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33
Q

Causes cell-to-cell contact repulsion of growth cones

A

Ephrin

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34
Q

Promotes columnar organization of neocortex

A

Semaphorin-3A

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35
Q

Promotes formation of synapses

A

Agrin

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36
Q

Promotes differentiation of sensory neurons in PNS

A

Wnt

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37
Q

Membrane conductance

A

Proportional to resting ion channel density, limits flow across membrane

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38
Q

Membrane capacitance

A

Created by phospholipid bilayer which separates and stores charge, affects how fast membrane potential changes when ion channels open

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39
Q

Biogenic amines and neuropeptides stored in…

A

Dense-core vesicles

40
Q

Nicotonic vs metabotropic cholinergic

A

Nicotinic: PNS
Metabotropic: CNS

41
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A

Identify candidate NT molecule

42
Q

Optogenetics

A

Induce NT release from target cell population

43
Q

How is histamine inactivated?

A

Uptake by glial cells

44
Q

How does myelin allow for faster conduction of an AP?

A

Myelin decreases the spatial density of voltage-gated ion channels

45
Q

Advantages of chemical over electrical communication among neurons

A

Plastic, summation, can be graded (excitatory or inhibitory)

46
Q

Types of ion channels

A
  1. Leakage 2. Ligand-gated 3. Voltage-gated 4. Ligand-voltage gated 5. Mechanical
47
Q

4 criteria for chemical to be considered NT

A
  1. Synthesized and stored in terminal 2. Released and produces effects on post-synaptic neuron 3. Synaptic mimicry 4. Removal from cleft
48
Q

3 types of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A
  1. Fast- ionotropic 2. Slow-metabotropic (GBY) 3. Slowest-metabotropic (G-alpha)
49
Q

2 step process of NT release

A
  1. Reuptake into presynaptic cell 2. Repackaging into vesicles
50
Q

Dopamine (location and function)

A

Ventral tegmental area, arousal

51
Q

Acetylcholine (location and function)

A

Pendunculopontine nucleus, memory

52
Q

Histamine (location and function)

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus, arousal

53
Q

NE (location and function)

A

Locus coeruleus, attention

54
Q

Serotonin (location and function)

A

Raphe nuclei, appetite

55
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Mitchondria

56
Q

Histamine receptors

A

Dendrite

57
Q

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

A

Axon terminal

58
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels

A

Axon hillock

59
Q

Metabotropic glutatmate autoreceptors

A

Axon terminal

60
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord

A

Glycinergic

61
Q

Time constant

A

Summation (temporal) of PSPs at site of synapse

62
Q

IPSPs are caused by net ________currents

A

Outward

63
Q

Rate limiting step in indolamine synthesis

A

Tryptophan

64
Q

Selectivity filter established by _____ loops of channel proteins

A

Inhibitory

65
Q

Location of sound computed in…

A

Superior olive, dorsal stream

66
Q

Identity of sound computed in…

A

Pitch center, ventral stream

67
Q

4 touch receptors

A
  1. Meissner- light, rapid
  2. Merkel- slow, fine spatial
  3. Ruffini-slow, finger position
  4. Pacinian-rapid, strong pressure
68
Q

Cerebellum receives motor input from…via ___ peduncle

A

Pontine nuclei, middle

69
Q

Cerebellum receives sensory input from…via ___ peduncle

A

Inferior olive, inferior

70
Q

What 2 sense is lateral inhibition in?

A

Vision and olfactory

71
Q

Parkinson’s

A

D2 (no voter) takes over, indirect

72
Q

Huntington’s

A

D1 (yes voter) takes over, direct

73
Q

Adaptation

A

Change over time (usually decrease) in firing rate to constant stimulus (ex: somatosensory, visual, olfactory)

74
Q

Push-pull systems

A

Pair of cells show opposite responses to same stimuli (ex: visual, somatosensory, auditory)

75
Q

2 main inputs that drive sensorimotor system

A
  1. Dorsal stream (where), inputs to PPC 2. Ventral (what), inputs to VLPC
76
Q

What senses are distorted?

A

Visual (fovea), sensory and motor (hands and face)

77
Q

Labeled line senses

A

Visual, auditory, somatosensory

78
Q

Population code senses

A

Gustatory, olfaction, motor

79
Q

Gustation (location in thalamus & target lobe)

A

Ventral posterior, parietal

80
Q

Audition (location in thalamus & target lobe)

A

Medial geniculate, temporal

81
Q

Olfaction (location in thalamus & target lobe)

A

Dorsomedial, frontal

82
Q

Proprioception (location in thalamus & target lobe)

A

Ventral posterior, parietal

83
Q

Motor coordination (location in thalamus & target lobe)

A

Ventral lateral, frontal

84
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemiscus

A

Touch and muscle/joints, ascending

85
Q

Anterolateral System

A

Pain and temperature, ascending

86
Q

Dorsolateral tracts

A

Corticospinal, corticorubrospinal, face, arms, legs, descending

87
Q

Ventromedial tracts

A

Corticospinal, cortico-brainstem, waist

88
Q

Striatum

A

Selects a specific set of instructions

89
Q

Extrafusal fiber

A

Contracts muscle

90
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Monitors muscle length

91
Q

Red nucleus

A

Issues/executes motor commands

92
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Forms intent to move

93
Q

Low frequency in cochlea

A

Apex

94
Q

Lens becomes _____ for near vision

A

Round

95
Q

Innervation ratio in motor units

A

High: proximal
Low: Distal

NSC 201 (5 decks)

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