Final Exam (material from previous tests) Flashcards
Microglia
Digest damaged neurons and infectious agents
Oligodendrocytes
Provide myelin in CNS
Retrograde
Terminal –> soma (dynein)
Anterograde
Soma–> terminal (kinesin)
RNA splicing
Removes noncoding regions from genes
Where do proteins synthesized in free ribosome go to?
Cytosol
Pontine nuclei
Sends input to primary motor cortex –> cerebellum
Ventral lateral nucleus
Cerebellum provides indirect input back to motor cortex via VLN of thalamus
Excitatory cells
Pyramidal, spiny, radial
Inhibitory cells
GABAgeric, aspinous, tangential
Neuron Doctrine
Neurons are separate, distinct entities
Proof: Use of electron microscope
Difference between dendrites and axons
- Branches (angles) 2. Length 3. Protein synthesis or not 4. Myelin or not
4 ways CNS is protected
- Bones 2. Meninges 3. Spinal fluid 4. Blood barrier
Fiber tract types
Association, commisural, projection
Golgi apparatus
Directs proteins to be inserted into cell membrane around membrane
Microtubules
Dynamically regulated (assembled and disassembled)
Initial site of protein synthesis
Free ribosomes
Atypical site of protein synthesis
Dendrite
Organized in dermatomes
Somatic
Contains a ventricular system
Central
Cranial nerves
Peripheral
Thoracic efferents to smooth muscles
Sympathetic
Exhibits ipsilateral control of sensory and skeletal motor systems
Spinal cord
LGN (location and function)
Diencephalon, vision
Pontine nucleus (location and function)
Metencephalon, motor
Periaqueductal gray (location and function)
Mesencephalon, pain
Inferior olive
Myelencephalon, motor
Induces formation of floor plate
SHH
Governs fate of gliogenic stem cells
Notch
Promotes aggregation of structures in anterior half of cerebrum
pax6
Diffusible repellant of axons in spinal cord
Slit
Antagonizes induction of neural plate
BMP
Causes cell-to-cell contact repulsion of growth cones
Ephrin
Promotes columnar organization of neocortex
Semaphorin-3A
Promotes formation of synapses
Agrin
Promotes differentiation of sensory neurons in PNS
Wnt
Membrane conductance
Proportional to resting ion channel density, limits flow across membrane
Membrane capacitance
Created by phospholipid bilayer which separates and stores charge, affects how fast membrane potential changes when ion channels open
Biogenic amines and neuropeptides stored in…
Dense-core vesicles
Nicotonic vs metabotropic cholinergic
Nicotinic: PNS
Metabotropic: CNS
Immunocytochemistry
Identify candidate NT molecule
Optogenetics
Induce NT release from target cell population
How is histamine inactivated?
Uptake by glial cells
How does myelin allow for faster conduction of an AP?
Myelin decreases the spatial density of voltage-gated ion channels
Advantages of chemical over electrical communication among neurons
Plastic, summation, can be graded (excitatory or inhibitory)
Types of ion channels
- Leakage 2. Ligand-gated 3. Voltage-gated 4. Ligand-voltage gated 5. Mechanical
4 criteria for chemical to be considered NT
- Synthesized and stored in terminal 2. Released and produces effects on post-synaptic neuron 3. Synaptic mimicry 4. Removal from cleft
3 types of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
- Fast- ionotropic 2. Slow-metabotropic (GBY) 3. Slowest-metabotropic (G-alpha)
2 step process of NT release
- Reuptake into presynaptic cell 2. Repackaging into vesicles
Dopamine (location and function)
Ventral tegmental area, arousal
Acetylcholine (location and function)
Pendunculopontine nucleus, memory
Histamine (location and function)
Tuberomamillary nucleus, arousal
NE (location and function)
Locus coeruleus, attention
Serotonin (location and function)
Raphe nuclei, appetite
Monoamine oxidase
Mitchondria
Histamine receptors
Dendrite
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
Axon terminal
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Axon hillock
Metabotropic glutatmate autoreceptors
Axon terminal
Inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord
Glycinergic
Time constant
Summation (temporal) of PSPs at site of synapse
IPSPs are caused by net ________currents
Outward
Rate limiting step in indolamine synthesis
Tryptophan
Selectivity filter established by _____ loops of channel proteins
Inhibitory
Location of sound computed in…
Superior olive, dorsal stream
Identity of sound computed in…
Pitch center, ventral stream
4 touch receptors
- Meissner- light, rapid
- Merkel- slow, fine spatial
- Ruffini-slow, finger position
- Pacinian-rapid, strong pressure
Cerebellum receives motor input from…via ___ peduncle
Pontine nuclei, middle
Cerebellum receives sensory input from…via ___ peduncle
Inferior olive, inferior
What 2 sense is lateral inhibition in?
Vision and olfactory
Parkinson’s
D2 (no voter) takes over, indirect
Huntington’s
D1 (yes voter) takes over, direct
Adaptation
Change over time (usually decrease) in firing rate to constant stimulus (ex: somatosensory, visual, olfactory)
Push-pull systems
Pair of cells show opposite responses to same stimuli (ex: visual, somatosensory, auditory)
2 main inputs that drive sensorimotor system
- Dorsal stream (where), inputs to PPC 2. Ventral (what), inputs to VLPC
What senses are distorted?
Visual (fovea), sensory and motor (hands and face)
Labeled line senses
Visual, auditory, somatosensory
Population code senses
Gustatory, olfaction, motor
Gustation (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral posterior, parietal
Audition (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Medial geniculate, temporal
Olfaction (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Dorsomedial, frontal
Proprioception (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral posterior, parietal
Motor coordination (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral lateral, frontal
Dorsal Column Medial Lemiscus
Touch and muscle/joints, ascending
Anterolateral System
Pain and temperature, ascending
Dorsolateral tracts
Corticospinal, corticorubrospinal, face, arms, legs, descending
Ventromedial tracts
Corticospinal, cortico-brainstem, waist
Striatum
Selects a specific set of instructions
Extrafusal fiber
Contracts muscle
Gamma motor neuron
Monitors muscle length
Red nucleus
Issues/executes motor commands
Posterior parietal cortex
Forms intent to move
Low frequency in cochlea
Apex
Lens becomes _____ for near vision
Round
Innervation ratio in motor units
High: proximal
Low: Distal