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AP Psych > UNIT 3 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION > Flashcards

UNIT 3 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that brings about a Reaction

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2
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

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4
Q

Top-down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectation

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

The Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
EXAMPLE cocktail party effect (hear one voice among many)

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6
Q

Inarrentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when ones attention is directed else where
EXAMPLE gorilla in room

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7
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in environment

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one energy to another

Transforming stimulus energies (sights &smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret

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9
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulus required to trigger a a neural impulse
KICKING OFF POINT

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10
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

What is absolute threshold used for?

A

To detect light, sound, pressure, taste or odor

MAY VARY WITH AGE

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12
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts when we will detect weak signals

ASSUME DETECTION DEPENDS ON EXPERIENCE, EXPECTATIONS, MOTIVATION AND ALERTNESS

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13
Q

Subliminal stimulation.

A

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscience awareness

BELOW THRESHOLD

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14
Q

Priming

A

The activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memory, or response

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15
Q

Difference threshold (noticeable difference)

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
DETECTABLE DIFFERENCE INCREASE WITH THE SIZE OF THE STIMULUS

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16
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage rather than by a constant amount

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17
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as its consequences of constant stimulation

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18
Q

What does sensory adaptation do?

A

Gives the freedom to focus on information changes in our environment without being distracted by background chatter

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19
Q

Cornea

A

Light enters through it
Protects eye
Bends light to provide focus

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20
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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21
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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22
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes the chaos to help focus images on retina

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near and far objects on the retina

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24
Q

Nearsightedness

A

When the lens focuses objects in Front of the retina

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25
Q

Farsightedness

A

When the lens focuses objects behind the retina

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26
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of the eye

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27
Q

What is in a retina?

A 
Receptor rods (NIGHT) more 
Cones (DAY) less
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28
Q

Fovea

A

Central focus point in the retina

The eyes cones cluster around it

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29
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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30
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye

No receptor cells are located there

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31
Q

Binocular fusion

A

Process of combining images received from the two eyes into 1 image

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32
Q

Why binocular fusion?

A

2 eyes the vision system gets two images but we only see one

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33
Q

Rental disparity

A

Difference between images stimulating each eye

DEPTH PERCEPTION

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34
Q

Difference between retinal disparity

A

Large disparity close to you

Small disparity far from you

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35
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another

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36
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from one wave peak to another

Determines color

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37
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus
SHAPE ANGLE OR MOVEMENT

38
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in light waves

39
Q

What determines intensity?

A

Waves amplitude and height

40
Q

Color (hue)

A

Hue is the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

41
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

Theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green and one to blue, the combination of these colors produce every other color

42
Q

Color blind people usually are lacking in what receptor colors ?

A

Red or green

43
Q

Monochromatic

A

One color

44
Q

Dichromatic

A

Two colors

45
Q

Opponent-processing theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black enable our vision
Theses colors piggy back off of eachother

46
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

47
Q

Ear canal

A

Channels the sound waves to ear drum

48
Q

Ear drum

A

Tight membrane that vibrates with the waves

49
Q

Middle ear

A

The chamber between the ear drum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrates the vibrations of the ear drum and the cochlea ‘s oval Window

50
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shaped tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

51
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Send neural messages by way of the Thalamus to the temporal lobe ‘s auditory cortex

52
Q

Semicircular canal

A

3 loops of fluid tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear

53
Q

What does the semicircular canal help with?

A

Maintain balance

54
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Tube that connects the inner eat to the back of the nose

55
Q

What does the Eustachian tube do?

A

Equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the outside

56
Q

Pitch

A

How high or low
FAST VIBRATION = HIGH PITCH
SLOW VIBRATION = LOW PITCH

57
Q

Loudness

A

The volume of the sound

58
Q

What is the strength of loudness measured in?

A

Decibels

59
Q

Timbre

A

Complexity or unique sound pattern of each sound wave

60
Q

Place theory

A

Presumes that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane

61
Q

How does place theory work?

A

The brain determines a sounds pitch by recognizing the specific place( on the membrane) that is generating the neural signal

62
Q

Frequency theory

A

An alternative explanation of place theory that says the brain reads pitch by monitoring the the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve, this explains how we perceive low pitched sounds

63
Q

Tone deafness aka AMUSIA

A

Lack of relative pitch of the inability to discriminate between musical notes
MUSIC

64
Q

Cochlear implants

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded Into the cochlea
NERVE DEAFNESS

65
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
this happens when the war drum is punctured or the tiny bones of the middle ear can’t vibrate anymore

66
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss aka NEVRE DEAFNESS

A

More common than conductive hearing loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

67
Q

Why does sensorineural hearing loss occur?

A

Occasionally caused by disease
But more commonly caused by biological changes linked to heredity, aging and prolonged exposure to ear splitting noise or music

68
Q

Smell (olfaction)

A

Airborne molecules reach receptors at the top of the nose the receptor cells send messages to the brains olfactory bulb, and then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex and then to parts of the limbic system involved in memory and emotion

69
Q

Sensory interception

A

The principle that one sense may influence another

70
Q

What are thE 4 basic skin sensations

A

Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain

71
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temp,pressure or chemicals

72
Q

Gate control theory

A

Theory that says that the spinal cord contains neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain

73
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system of sensing the position and movement of body parts

74
Q

What controls kinesthesis

A

Sensors in your joints , tendons, bones and ears

75
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of the body movement and position, including the sense of balance

76
Q

Perception

A

Making sense out of sensation

77
Q

Visual adaptation aka perceptual adaptation

A

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

78
Q

Perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

79
Q

Depth perception

A

Seeing objects in 3-D

80
Q

Visual cliff

A

Miniature cliff with a glass covered drop off to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive depth

81
Q

Retinal disparity

A

BINOCULAR CUE
by comparing images from two eyes, the Brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two Images, the closer the object

82
Q

Convergence

A

BINOCULAR CUES

Process by which your eyes turn inward to look at a nearby object

83
Q

Relative size

A

MONOCULAR CUE
if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal images As farther away

84
Q

Texture gradients

A

MONOCULAR CUE

the further removed the object is the less detail we can identify

85
Q

Relative height

A

MONOCULAR CUE

We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as father away

86
Q

Linear perspective

A

MONOCULAR CUE

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

87
Q

Interposition

A

MONOCULAR CUES

overlapping of images

88
Q

Light and shadow

A

MONOCULAR CUES

brightly lit objects appear closer, while objects in shadows appear father away

89
Q

Motion parallax

A

MONOCULAR CUE

the apparent movement of stationary objects that occurs when you change positions

90
Q

Fixation point

A

Object beyond this point appear to move with you
Objects in front of this point appear to move backwards
The farther those objects from the point, the faster they seem to move

AP Psych (3 decks)

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