Unit 3: Section 1- Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Define hydrocarbon
a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
Define saturated
contains single carbon-carbon bonds only
Define unsaturated
contains a C=C double bond
Define molecular formula
the formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
Define empirical formula
shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound
Define general formula
algebraic formula for homologous series e.g. CnH2n
Define structural formula
shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g.CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
Define displayed formula
shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule
Define skeletal formula
simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
What is a functional group?
an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties
What is the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?
tetrahedral
What is the bond angle around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?
109.5
What is a homologous series?
a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula
What is the functional group of an alkane?
C-C
What is the suffix of an alkane?
-ane
What is the functional group of an alkene?
C=C
What is the suffix of an alkene?
-ene
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
-OH
What is the suffix/prefix of an alcohol?
suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy-
What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?
C- halogen
What are three prefixes for a halogenoalkane?
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
-C-H
=O
carbon double bonded to oxygen and two hydrogen single bonds
What is the suffix/ prefix of an aldehyde?
suffix -al
prefix formyl-
What is the functional group of a ketone?
-C=O
What is the suffix/ prefix of a ketone?
suffix -one
prefix oxo-
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
- C - OH
=O
carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen
What is the functional group of esters?
- C - O
=O
carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen
What are the suffixes used for esters?
-yl
-oate
How do you name compounds with more than one functional group?
using the order of precedence
the highest precedence takes the suffix (and the lowest number on the carbon chain)
all the other functional groups take prefix form
What is the IUPAC order of precedence?
- carboxylic acid
- aldehydes
- ketones
- alcohols
- alkenes
- halogenoalkanes
Describe how to name a carbon chain
- count how many carbons are in the longest chain and name appropriately
- find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain
- add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain, order in alphabetical order on the chain
What is the prefix for each of the following:
-CH3
-C2H5
-C3H7
-methyl
-ethyl
-propyl
What should you do if the suffix starts with a vowel when naming a compound?
remove the -e from the alkane name
What should you use to name a compound if there are two or three of a certain functional group?
di-
tri-
What are the two ways to break a covalent bond?
homolytic fission
heterolytic fission
How many electrons are in a single covalent bond?
2
What does an arrow with only one head show?
the movement of one electron
What happens in homolytic fission?
two free radicals are formed
each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond
Define free radical
a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron
What charge do free radicals have?
no charge
How are free radicals represented?
a dot
What does a two headed arrow show?
the movement of a pair of electrons
What happens in heterolytic fusion?
one atom gets both electrons
so, ions are produced
What do most organic reactions take place by?
heterolytic fission
Where does a curly arrow start in a mechanism?
from a lone pair of electrons or the centre of a bond
How can the formation of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?
drawing a curly arrow from a lone pair of electrons, or from another covalent bond
How can the breaking of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?
if the curly arrow starts at the bond
Define isomers
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule.
What are structural isomers?
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula
What are the three types of structural isomerism?
chain
position
functional group
What is chain isomerism?
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
What is position isomerism?
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
What is functional group isomerism?
compounds with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged to give different functional groups e.g. ethanol and methoxymethane
What is stereoisomerism?
same structural formula, but different spatial arrangement of atoms
What homologous series does E-Z isomerism exist in?
alkenes
Why do E-Z isomers exist?
- due to the restricted rotation about the C=C bond
- when there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond
How can single carbon-carbon bonds covalent bonds rotate?
easily
What is the priority group in E-Z isomerism?
the atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom
Describe how to name E-Z isomers
- first determine the priority groups on each side of the double bond
- if the priority atom is on the same side of the double bond it is Z-isomer
- if the priority group is on the opposite side of the double bond it is E-isomer
Why can EZ isomers have different physical properties?
polarity can effect the intermolecular forces, which can change the boiling and melting points of the different isomers
