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Organic Chemistry > Unit 3: Section 1- Intro to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 3: Section 1- Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

contains single carbon-carbon bonds only

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

contains a C=C double bond

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4
Q

Define molecular formula

A

the formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

Define empirical formula

A

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

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6
Q

Define general formula

A

algebraic formula for homologous series e.g. CnH2n

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7
Q

Define structural formula

A

shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g.CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane

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8
Q

Define displayed formula

A

shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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9
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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10
Q

What is a functional group?

A

an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

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11
Q

What is the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

A

tetrahedral

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12
Q

What is the bond angle around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

A

109.5

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

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14
Q

What is the functional group of an alkane?

A

C-C

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15
Q

What is the suffix of an alkane?

A

-ane

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16
Q

What is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C=C

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17
Q

What is the suffix of an alkene?

A

-ene

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18
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH

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19
Q

What is the suffix/prefix of an alcohol?

A

suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy-

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20
Q

What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?

A

C- halogen

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21
Q

What are three prefixes for a halogenoalkane?

A

chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

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22
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

-C-H
=O

carbon double bonded to oxygen and two hydrogen single bonds

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23
Q

What is the suffix/ prefix of an aldehyde?

A

suffix -al
prefix formyl-

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24
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

-C=O

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25
Q

What is the suffix/ prefix of a ketone?

A

suffix -one
prefix oxo-

26
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A
  • C - OH
    =O

carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen

27
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A
  • C - O
    =O

carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen

28
Q

What are the suffixes used for esters?

A

-yl
-oate

29
Q

How do you name compounds with more than one functional group?

A

using the order of precedence
the highest precedence takes the suffix (and the lowest number on the carbon chain)
all the other functional groups take prefix form

30
Q

What is the IUPAC order of precedence?

A
  1. carboxylic acid
  2. aldehydes
  3. ketones
  4. alcohols
  5. alkenes
  6. halogenoalkanes
31
Q

Describe how to name a carbon chain

A
  1. count how many carbons are in the longest chain and name appropriately
  2. find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain
  3. add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain, order in alphabetical order on the chain
32
Q

What is the prefix for each of the following:
-CH3
-C2H5
-C3H7

A

-methyl
-ethyl
-propyl

33
Q

What should you do if the suffix starts with a vowel when naming a compound?

A

remove the -e from the alkane name

34
Q

What should you use to name a compound if there are two or three of a certain functional group?

A

di-
tri-

35
Q

What are the two ways to break a covalent bond?

A

homolytic fission
heterolytic fission

36
Q

How many electrons are in a single covalent bond?

A

2

37
Q

What does an arrow with only one head show?

A

the movement of one electron

38
Q

What happens in homolytic fission?

A

two free radicals are formed
each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

39
Q

Define free radical

A

a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron

40
Q

What charge do free radicals have?

A

no charge

41
Q

How are free radicals represented?

A

a dot

42
Q

What does a two headed arrow show?

A

the movement of a pair of electrons

43
Q

What happens in heterolytic fusion?

A

one atom gets both electrons
so, ions are produced

44
Q

What do most organic reactions take place by?

A

heterolytic fission

45
Q

Where does a curly arrow start in a mechanism?

A

from a lone pair of electrons or the centre of a bond

46
Q

How can the formation of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?

A

drawing a curly arrow from a lone pair of electrons, or from another covalent bond

47
Q

How can the breaking of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?

A

if the curly arrow starts at the bond

48
Q

Define isomers

A

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule.

49
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula

50
Q

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

A

chain
position
functional group

51
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

52
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

53
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged to give different functional groups e.g. ethanol and methoxymethane

54
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

same structural formula, but different spatial arrangement of atoms

55
Q

What homologous series does E-Z isomerism exist in?

A

alkenes

56
Q

Why do E-Z isomers exist?

A
  1. due to the restricted rotation about the C=C bond
  2. when there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond
57
Q

How can single carbon-carbon bonds covalent bonds rotate?

A

easily

58
Q

What is the priority group in E-Z isomerism?

A

the atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom

59
Q

Describe how to name E-Z isomers

A
  • first determine the priority groups on each side of the double bond
  • if the priority atom is on the same side of the double bond it is Z-isomer
  • if the priority group is on the opposite side of the double bond it is E-isomer
60
Q

Why can EZ isomers have different physical properties?

A

polarity can effect the intermolecular forces, which can change the boiling and melting points of the different isomers

Organic Chemistry (9 decks)

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