Unit 3 prt1 Flashcards
What is the focus of the dispositional domain in personality psychology?
It studies personality traits that are stable over time, consistent across situations, and differentiate individuals.
What are the three main topics in “The Dispositional Domain”?
Traits and Trait Taxonomies, Theoretical and Measurement Issues, and Personality Dispositions over Time.
What are the two basic formulations of traits?
- Traits as internal properties that cause behavior.
- Traits as descriptive summaries of behavior.
What is the “Act Frequency Formulation of Traits”?
It defines traits as categories of behaviors and includes three elements: Act Nomination, Prototypicality Judgment, and Recording Act Performance.
What are the three fundamental approaches to identifying important traits?
Lexical Approach, Statistical Approach, and Theoretical Approach.
What is the Lexical Approach?
It assumes that all important individual differences are encoded in natural language, identified through synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality.
What is the Statistical Approach?
It involves gathering trait words and using statistical methods like factor analysis to identify clusters of traits that covary.
What is the Theoretical Approach?
It determines which traits are important based on a pre-existing theory (e.g., Freud’s psychoanalytic traits, Maslow’s self-actualization traits).
What is Eysenck’s PEN Model?
A hierarchical model of personality including three super-traits: Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism.
What are the biological underpinnings of Eysenck’s PEN Model?
- Extraversion: Related to CNS arousal levels.
- Neuroticism: Related to autonomic nervous system reactivity.
- Psychoticism: Linked to testosterone and low MAO levels.
What are the limitations of Eysenck’s PEN Model?
It may not include all relevant traits and other heritable traits exist beyond those identified by Eysenck.
What is the Big Five Model of personality?
A five-factor model consisting of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.
How was the Big Five Model developed?
Based on the Lexical and Statistical Approaches, refined through factor analysis by researchers like Fiske, Tupes, Christal, Goldberg, and Costa & McCrae.
What are the six facets of Extraversion in the Big Five Model?
Warmth, Assertiveness, Gregariousness, Activity, Excitement-Seeking, and Positive Emotions.
What are the six facets of Agreeableness in the Big Five Model?
Trust, Altruism, Modesty, Compliance, Straightforwardness, and Tender-Mindedness.
What are the six facets of Conscientiousness in the Big Five Model?
Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement-Striving, Deliberation, and Self-Discipline.
What are the six facets of Neuroticism in the Big Five Model?
Anxiety, Angry Hostility, Depression, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability, and Self-Consciousness.
What are the six facets of Openness in the Big Five Model?
Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values.
What are some general characteristics of highly extraverted people?
They are sociable, energetic, bold, and prefer stimulation and excitement
What are some general characteristics of people low in extraversion?
They are reserved, prefer solitude, cautious, and structured in their lifestyle
What are the key traits of people high in agreeableness?
They are empathetic, kind, trusting, cooperative, and avoid conflicts
What are the key traits of people low in agreeableness?
They are competitive, skeptical, self-centered, and may manipulate others.
What are the characteristics of people high in conscientiousness?
They are organized, reliable, disciplined, and have a strong sense of duty.
What are the characteristics of people low in conscientiousness?
They are impulsive, disorganized, careless, and fail to meet obligations.
What are the characteristics of people high in neuroticism?
They are emotionally unstable, anxious, worried, and prone to mood swings.
What are the characteristics of people low in neuroticism?
They are emotionally stable, calm, confident, and resilient to stress.
What are the characteristics of people high in openness?
They are imaginative, curious, open to new experiences, and creative
What are the characteristics of people low in openness?
They prefer routine, are practical, resist change, and are conventional in thinking.
What is the HEXACO Model of personality?
A six-factor model adding Honesty-Humility to the Big Five traits
What are the facets of Honesty-Humility in the HEXACO Model?
Sincerity, Fairness, Avoiding Greed, and Modesty.
