Unit 3 Providing Patient Nursing Care (Pt. 1) Flashcards
Chain of Infection
the process resulting in an infection
What are the 6 parts of the chain of infection?
infectious agent source portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host
Considerations for chain of infection
the presence of a pathogen does not mean an infection will begin
the pathway must be intact for an infection to occur
defenses against infection
normal flora
inflammation
immune response
What is normal flora?
the body’s own microorganism
Where is normal flora found?
saliva, intestines, skin, oral mucosa
What is an immune response?
antigen created when an exposure happens
antibodies are created
What is a healthcare acquired infection?
development of an infection while in the hospital
What are examples of healthcare acquired infection?
CLABSIs
CAUTIs
SSIs
IVACs
What does CLABSIs stand for?
central line associated bloodstream infections
What does CAUTIs stand for?
Catheter associated UTIs
What does SSIs stand for?
surgical site infection
What does IVACs stand for?
Ventilator associated infections
What are the causes of healthcare acquired infection?
lower resistance (body is already trying to heal from something) failure to follow sterility
How do you prevent healthcare acquired infection?
Medical asepsis
surgical asepsis
What has influenced the recent decline in healthcare acquired infections?
the affordable care act making hospitals responsible for the costs associated with care that comes with healthcare acquired infections
What is the oldest, most basic, and most effective technique in preventing and controlling the transmission of infection?
hand hygiene
What are the hand hygiene methods used in hospitals?
soap & water
antiseptic hand rub
When would you not use antiseptic foam?
when hands are visibly soiled or when caring for a patient with a spore-forming organism (C-Diff)
What are the two types of precaution?
standard precaution
transmission-based precaution
what is standard based precaution?
assume all clients are infectious and use on all clients
decreases risk of transmission from blood-borne pathogens and other body fluids
protects against both undiagnosed and identified infections
What some of the requirements of standard precaution?
wear clean gloves
perform hand washing immediately
wear mask, eye-protection, face-shield, cover gown
What is transmission-based precaution?
use is determined based on how the organism is transmitted from the client
What are the types of transmission-based precaution?
airborne
droplet
contact
transmission-based precaution used to protect against microorganisms transmitted by small-particle droplets that can remain suspended and become widely dispersed by air currents
airborne
transmission-based precaution used for microorganisms transmitted by larger-particle droplets, which disperse 3 feet from the patient while coughing, talking, or sneezing
droplet
transmission-based precaution used with pathogens that can be transmitted by hands or skin-to-skin contact
contact
what precaution would you take for airborne precaution?
respirator
N-95
what precaution would you take for droplet precaution?
regular mask
What precaution would you take for contact precaution?
PPE
gloves, gown, mask
In what order do you don PPE?
gown
mask
eyewear
gloves
In what order do you doff PPE?
gloves eyewear mask gown (whatever is dirtiest goes first)
Define Pressure Ulcer
impairment of the skin or tissue as a result of pressure
Where can pressure ulcers be found?
usually localized on a boney prominence
buttocks, elbow, heals, shoulder, back of head, ear, ribcage, hips (depends on how they sit/lay)
What are some risk factors that increase the likelihood that you will get a pressure ulcer?
immobility poor nutrition excessive skin moisture decrease in sensory perception advanced age shear friction
What is the number 1 risk factor for a pressure ulcer & why?
immobility
because there is constant pressure on boney prominences because they are unable to move themselves
What is shear?
tissue damaging force that occurs when tissue layers move on each other, causing blood vessels in subcutaneous tissue to stretch and become damaged
Why is poor nutrition a pressure ulcer a risk factor?
if someone doesn’t have the right about of nutrients in their diet they will not be able to heal correctly
what is an infectious agent
bacteria fungus virus parasites pyrons
What is a source in regard to the chain of infection?
where we keep infectious agent
water, people, animals, inanimate objects
what is fomite transmissible
can or cannot live on inanimate objects
portal of exit
how it leaves the host
What are examples of the portal of exit
sputum
emesis (vomit)
stool
blood
mode of transmission
how you pick it up
ate it, table, vector (mosquito)
what are negative pressure rooms used for? and how do you use them?
TB
anti-chambers, walk in door, close door, put on PPE, go in the room
air is not circulated outside of negative pressure rooms
portal of entry is
mucus membranes non-intact skin (dry hands that crack) GI tract GU tract respiratory tract
who are susceptible hosts
immunosuppressed elderly people chronically ill trauma patients surgical patients
why are trauma and surgical patients at risk for infection?
cut open
body is busy working on healing wound
What is inflammation?
it is a good thing
the body’s response to infection or injury
What triggers inflammation?
the entire immune system
Why do we get inflammation?
the inflammatory response
your body sending T cells/W cells
why we get fevers, redness, edema
