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Philosophy > Unit 3 Philosophy > Flashcards

Unit 3 Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What was “at the heart of” Aquinas’s vision?
A

His belief that to subtract these extraordinary capacities from man would be to presume to lessen the infinite capacity of God himself and his creative omnipotence

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2
Q
  1. What was found in man that won Aquinas’s appreciation?
A

The soul was the form of man, the body was the matter

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3
Q
  1. What is “every creature” that God is not?
A

Every creature is a compound of essence and existence.

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4
Q
  1. What did Aristotle and Aquinas hold in common?
A

Form was an active principle not just a structure. The entire creation was dynamically moved relative to the highest form, God.

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5
Q
  1. What did Aquinas synthesize?
A

He synthesized Plato’s transcendent reality with Aristotle’s concrete reality by means of the christian understanding of God as the loving infinity creator giving freely of his own being to his creation as well as the Aristotelian stress on nature’s and man’s teleological dynamism.

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6
Q
  1. What pairing are given for Plato, Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas?
A

Aquinas and Aristotle- We know concrete things first then we can know universals

Augustine and Plato- We can know universals and then concrete

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7
Q
  1. According to Aquinas, “ideas’ have what three kinds of existence?
A

As exemplars in the mind of God independent of things
As intelligible forms in things
As concepts in the human mind formed by abstracting from things

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8
Q
  1. Where can Aquinas’s impact on Western thought be found?
A

It can be found in his convictions.

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9
Q
  1. What reciprocal relationship is given for Philosophy and Theology?
A

Rational philosophy and the scientific study of nature could enrich theology and faith itself while being fulfilled by them

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10
Q
  1. What is the “one great summa” Aquinas sought?
A

Scientific and philosophical achievements of the ancients would be brought with in the the overarching vision of christian theology.

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11
Q
  1. How did Aquinas differ from Averroes?
A

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12
Q
  1. What happened a “half-century” after Aquinas?
A

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13
Q
  1. Collectively, what did the works of Aristotle and Ptolemy offer?
A

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14
Q
  1. What did Dante create?
A

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15
Q
  1. What would threaten the “cosmological view” given above?
A

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16
Q

412: What swept through Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

A

With enormous revenues being reaped from the faithful to support the growing magnificence of the papal court and its huge bureaucracy. More people were involved in the the church

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17
Q

415: What three stages of history are envisioned by u?

A

The Age of the Father (the Old Testament), the Age of the Son (the New Testament and Church), and a coming Age of the Spirit, when the whole world would be suffused with the divine and the institutional Church would no longer be necessary.

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18
Q

416: What two forces were changing the church?

A

Emphasis on individual relationship to God

Elaborate forms and regulations of the church.

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19
Q

417: How was the interest in Aristotle expanded?

A

Because the church now accepted him. people were intrested in the natural world and a growing confidence in the power of human reason”

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20
Q

418: What is the new focus spoken of?

A

direct experience and reasoning was beginning to undermine the Church’s exclusive investment in the authoritativeness of the ancient texts”

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21
Q

421: What did Ockham argue?

A

Nothing existed except individual beings
Only concrete experience could serve as a basis for knowledge
Universals existed not as entities external to the mind but only as mental concepts.

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22
Q

424: What was Ockham’s razor and what does it mean?

A

Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity

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23
Q

425: What are the two realities open to human kind?

A

The reality of God (given by revelation)

Reality of the empirical world (given by direct experience)

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24
Q

What did Aquinas leave room for the ockham did not??

A

God

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25
Q

433: What superseded what in human thought?

A

Logic grammar and imperisim

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26
Q
  1. What “radical shift” of focus did Petrarch engineer?
A

The focus and tone of that integration such as as poetry and essays

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27
Q
  1. What had Europe forgotten?
A

Its classical heritage and Petrarch called for its recollection.

28
Q
  1. What “awareness” makes Petrarch the “the first man of the Renaissance?”
A

New awareness of life’s richness and recognition of a kindred spirit in the great writers.

29
Q
  1. What did Erasmus press further?
A

The spirit of petrarch’s view of Cicero

30
Q
  1. What was “man” to the humanists?
A

Was capable of discovering within himself the image of the infinite diety

31
Q
  1. What happened to the pagan gods and Classical mythology?
A

Gods regained a sacred dignity

Classical mythology regarded as the religious truth of those who lived before Christ

32
Q
  1. What happened to the “absolute uniqueness” of Christian revelation?
A

It was relativized

33
Q
  1. What Church tradition was undercut?
A

The limitation of divinity to god alone and to the sacramental institutions of the church

34
Q
  1. What would the Reformation recognize?
A

The infringements on orthodox Christian dogma that the humanist movement was encouraging

35
Q
  1. What was “complete” with the rediscovery of Platonic tests?
A

the medieval trajectory

36
Q
  1. How was the “life of the state” redefined?
A

Now individual ability and deliberate political action and thought carried the most weight

37
Q
  1. What is meant by “a new pictorial summa?”
A

With Renaissance artistic imagery as its language, a new pictorial summa was written, integrating the dialectical components of Western culture in a transcendent synthesis

38
Q
  1. What accounts for the unique place held by the Renaissance?
A

Simultaneous balance and synthesis of many opposites: christian and pagan, modern and classical, secular and sacred, art and science, science and religion, poetry and politics.

39
Q
  1. What is said about mankind’s “fall” and “recovery?”
A

The fall from this primal state of enlightenment and grace had brought about a drastic loss of knowledge. Recovery of knowledge was therefore endowed

40
Q
  1. What kind of revolution was taking place?
A

A revolution of consciousness was taking place.

41
Q
  1. What was the “proximate” cause of the Reformation given by the author?
A

The papacy’s attempt to finance projects through spiritual indulgent’s

42
Q
  1. What was the “immediate” cause for the Reformation given by the author?
A

The Churches expensive patronage of high culture.

43
Q
  1. What did Luther fail to find? What did he find?
A

He failed to find that grace in himself or in his own works. Faith in god alone would give him salvation

44
Q
  1. What was Luther’s view of “man?”
A

Luther saw it was the whole man who was corrupt and needed Gods forgiveness, not just particular sins that on could be erased by proper church defined actions.

45
Q
  1. Where was “true Christianity” to be found according to Luther?
A

On faith and scripture alone

46
Q
  1. What is the “paradox of the Reformation” mentioned here?
A

Its essentially ambiguous character, for it was at once a conservative religious reaction and a radically libertarian revolution

47
Q
  1. What is the “religious backlash” referred to?
A

It refers to the Renaissance’s pagan Hellenism

48
Q
  1. With respect to the “fundamental question of the Reformation,” what was the “Protestant vision?”
A

In the protestant vision neither the pope nor the church councils possessed the spiritual competence to define christian belief.

49
Q
  1. What is the “first premise” of Luther’s reform?
A

The priesthood of all believers and the authority of the individual conscience in the interpretation of scripture.

50
Q
  1. What was held to be true “in the Catholic view?”
A

In the catholic view the deepest truths were first divinely revealed as record in the bible and through generations of church theologians inspired by the holy spirit.

51
Q
  1. What were the secular states becoming?
A

The individual secular state now became the defining unit of cultural as well as political authority

52
Q
  1. What three consequences came from the above?
A

1) The establishment of individual state identified churches
2) The division of chruch and state
3) the predominance of the secular society

53
Q
  1. What was the Counter Reformation?
A

It was the beginning of the religious orders

54
Q
  1. What was the educational strategy of the above?
A

Teaching the catholic faith and the full humanistic program from the renaissance and classical era

55
Q
  1. What came with Luther’s revolt?
A

Christianity’s medieval matrix split in two

56
Q
  1. What happened with each new astronomer?
A

Each faced with newly revealed irregularities that contradicted the basic scheme, attempted to resolve by adding extra refinements

57
Q
  1. What motivated Copernicus?
A

To return to a simple mathematical state which old greeks presented suggested

58
Q
  1. What happened on the last day of Copernicus’ Life? What did most think about this?
A

A copy of his published work was brought to him. No one seriously discussed it

59
Q
  1. What does “upstart astrologer” refer to?
A

A person who foolishly wished to reverse the entire science of astronomy while flagrantly contradiction the holy bible

60
Q
  1. Why did the Catholic Church condemn the heliocentric hypothesis?
A

Because the ideas denounced the earth being at the center of the universe

61
Q
  1. How did Copernicus leave the status of astronomy?
A

It was being used again

62
Q
  1. What did Kepler set out to discover? With whose help?
A

With Euclid and Apollonius Kepler discovered that the observations precisely matched orbits shaped as ellipses with the sun as one of the two foci and with each planet moving at speeds varying proportionately according to its distance from the sun.

63
Q
  1. What was of “particular importance” to Kepler?
A

The most advanced scientific for Kepler the most advanced scientific conclusions affirmed both Copernicus’s theory and the mathematical mysticism of the ancient Pythagorean and platonic philosophers.

64
Q
  1. What could the Church have done?
A

The church could have reacted to this triumph otherwise than it did

65
Q
  1. What drastically undercut the Church’s status among intellectuals?
A

The Church’s formal commitment to a stationary earth drastically undercut its status and influenced among the european intelligentsia.

Philosophy (3 decks)

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