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PSY 431: Introduction To Psychology > UNIT 3: PERCEPTION > Flashcards

UNIT 3: PERCEPTION Flashcards

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6
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Perception:

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A method by which sensations experienced from the outside world are interpreted and organized to give them meaning.

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7
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THE CONSTANCIES

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They are constant and unchanging.

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8
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Size Constancy

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Tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.

Size remains similar even if it gets bigger or smaller with distance.

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9
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Shape Constancy

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Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.

The shape of an object remains the same regardless of the angle it is viewed.

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9
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GESTALT PRINCIPLES

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  1. Figure-Ground Relationships
  2. Grouping
    a. Proximity
    b. Similarity
    c. Closure
    d. Continuity
    e. Contiguity
    f. Common Region
    g. Elemental Connectedness
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10
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Brightness Constancy

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Tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.

Light lets us see different colors, but even if the light is off, the object still has the same color.

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10
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FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIPS

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Tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background or in finer detail.

Reversible figures are visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.

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11
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GROUPING

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Describe how humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images.

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12
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PROXIMITY

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Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.

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12
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SIMILARITY

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Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.

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13
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CONTIGUITY

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Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

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13
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CLOSURE

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Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.

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14
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CONTINUITY

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Tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.

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15
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COMMON REGION

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Tendency is to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group.

16
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ELEMENTAL CONNECTEDNESS

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Tendency to perceive objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity.

17
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LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

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Both the lines of the trees and the sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance.

17
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PICTORIAL DEPTH CUES

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Linear Perspective
Texture Gradient
Atmospheric/Aerial Perspective
Relative Size
Interposition/Overlap
Motion Parallax

18
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TEXTURE GRADIENT

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Causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away.

19
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RELATIVE SIZE

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Causes smaller objects to be perceived as farther away from the viewer.

19
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ATMOSPHERIC/AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

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The farther away something is the hazier it appears because of fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object.

20
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INTERPOSITION/OVERLAP

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If one object seems to be blocking another object, people assume that the blocked object is behind the first one, and therefore, farther away.

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MOTION PARALLAX

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The discrepancy in motion of near and far objects.

22
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CONVERGENCE

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Distance of an object depends on how relaxed your eye is.

When objects are far away, the eye muscles are more relaxed; when objects are close, the eye muscles move together, or converge.

23
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BINOCULAR DISPARITY

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What you see from your left eye may be different from your right eye.

Because your eyes are separated by several centimeters, each eye sees a slightly different image of the object in front of you.

24
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Hallucination:

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makes people think that a stimulus is present when in fact it is non- existent (originates in the brain and not reality).

24
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Illusion:

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When perception does not correspond to reality; a distorted perception of a stimulus that is really there.

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MÜLLER-LYER ILLUSION

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Two lines, with one appearing to be longer than the other.

In reality, both lines are equal in length.

25
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HERMANN GRID

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Gray dots appear in the intersections of the squares.

26
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EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION

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The visual context effects of the surrounding circles influence our perception.

The gray circles are both the same size.

27
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MOON ILLUSION

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When this moon is high in the night sky, it will still be the same size to the eye as it is now.

However, it is perceived to be much larger when on the horizon.

In the sky, there are no objects for comparison, but on the horizon, objects such as this tree are seen as being in front of a very large moon.

28
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PERCEIVED MOTION

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Illusions that have perceived movement.

29
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APPARENT MOVEMENT

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Illusion that still objects are moving when the image is not.

The eyes are accommodating a lot of info so the lenses are constantly contracting and constricting.

30
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PHI PHENOMENON

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Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence.

30
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AUTOKINETIC EFFECT

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Perceived motion of a single object.

As you become so focused on the object, then it causes eye movement as your retinas become strained.

30
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STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT

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Created by a rapid series of still pictures.

Combining images so that it may seem like they are moving.

31
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PERCEPTUAL EXPECTANCY

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Perception may be influenced by previous experiences.

32
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BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

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We allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas.

32
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THE AMES ROOM ILLUSION

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Our expectation is that the shape of the room is rectangular in nature from prior experiences.

In reality, the room is a trapezoid with angled walls and floors.

33
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TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

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We use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.

34
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DEVIL’S TRIDENT

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At first glance, this seems to be an ordinary three-pronged figure.

But a closer look reveals that the three prongs cannot be real as drawn.

35
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SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION

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The notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness.

Research shows that the effect only occurs in controlled laboratory studies.

Brands usually use this in their logos where they hide hidden “easter eggs”.

36
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EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION

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Perception that occurs independently of the known sensory processes.

37
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CLAIRVOYANCE

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Awareness of an unknown event.

There are signs that you are able to read that other people show.

38
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TELEKINESIS

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Mental movement or motion of solid matter due to the direct influence of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy.

Moving objects with our mind.

39
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Knowledge of someone else’s thoughts or feelings.

Communication through means other than the senses, as by the exercise of an occult power.

Communication through senses.

Ex. Twin Telepathy

39
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PRECOGNITION

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Foreknowledge of future events.

Predicting what will happen in the future.

PSY 431: Introduction To Psychology (3 decks)

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