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PSY 431: Introduction To Psychology > UNIT 2: SENSATION > Flashcards

UNIT 2: SENSATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside/environmental stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Stimuli are converted to different neural activity

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3
Q

Synesthesia

A

“joined sensation.”

A condition in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed differently, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation.

Can sense different neural activities all at once.

It is a trait rather than a disorder (like eye colors).

A synesthete might not only hear my voice, but also see it, taste it, or feel it as a physical touch.

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4
Q

SENSORY RECEPTORS

A

Specialized form of neurons found/occurs in the sense
organs: Eyes, mouth, ears, nose, and internal organs.

Sends signals to the brain.

Stimulated by different kinds of energy:
Light, vibrations, pressure, temperature, and chemical substances.

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4
Q

Difference Threshold

A

difference between two stimuli

Weber’s Law (Enst Weber)

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5
Q

SENSORY THRESHOLDS

A

Difference Threshold
Absolute Threshold

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulus is present.

Gustav Fechner.

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6
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Provides a method for assessing the accuracy of judgements or decisions under certain conditions.

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7
Q

Habituation

A

When your brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli.

The sensory still responds to the stimulus, but the lower centers of the brain do not send signals to the cortex.

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8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Sensory receptors become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.

Unchanging information from the sensory receptors is effectively ignored.

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9
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE EYE

A

Light enters the eye through the cornea and the pupil.

The iris controls the size of the pupil.

The pupil dilates or constricts depending on the light source.

Light passes through the lens of the retina and will be translated to nerve impulses.

Nerve impulses travel to the brain through the optic nerve.

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10
Q

THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

A

Light sources.

Allows us to see different colors depending on the intensity and wavelength of light.

ROYGBIV.

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10
Q

REFRACTION

A

Is when waves of light travel through two different mediums and it bends.

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11
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

The eye is elongated, longer than the typical length of an eye.

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12
Q

Hyperopia:

A

Farsightedness

The eye is short, shorter than the typical eye length.

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13
Q

CROSSING OF THE OPTIC NERVE

A

Light entering the eyes separates into the left and right visual fields.

Information from these visual fields goes to the contralateral visual cortex.

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14
Q

BLIND SPOT

A

The area in your retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve is insensitive to light.

Cells in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve connects are not triggered by light, no phtoreceptors.

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15
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Occurs when the eye recovers its ability to see when going from a brightly lit state to a dark state.

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16
Q

Light Adaptation

A

Is the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.

More rapid than dark adaptation.

Adaptation from dark to light.

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16
Q

Rods

A

Responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light.

Activated when adapting to darkness.

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17
Q

MIXING LIGHT

A

Involves:
Rods
Cones

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17
Q

Cones

A

Responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.

Activated when adapting to a well lit room.

COCO: (Cones = Colors)

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18
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Trichromatic: three colors

There are three types of cones and these specific cones can only receive specific wavelengths of light.

Blue = short wavelength
Green = medium wavelength
Red = long wavelength

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19
Q

Afterimages:

A

images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus was removed.

But it is the opposite/inhibited colors from the original stimulus that will appear as an afterimage.

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19
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color.

One member of the color pair suppresses the other.

Red vs Green
Blue vs Yellow
Black vs White

explains afterimages

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20
Q

DICHROMATS

A

They can only distinguish two colors.

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20
Q

MONOCHROMATS

A

People who see no color.

Sees the world in shades of black, white, lights, and
darks.

20
Q

Color Blindness:

A

A color-deficient vision where color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or colors. (yellow/blues or reds/greens)

21
Q

Protanopia

A

Red cone cells are not working properly.

22
Q

Deuteranopia

A

Deficient functioning of green cone cells.

23
Q

Pitch:

A

Frequency

Hertz (Hz)

23
Q

Tritanopia

A

Lack of blue cone cells.

24
Q

Amplitude

A

Volume/Sound Intensity

Decibel (dB)

25
Q

Auditory Canal:

A

Short tunnel from the Pinna to the Eardrum/Tympanic Membrane.

26
Q

Pinna

A

Visible part of the ear.

26
Q

Timbre

A

Richness in tone of the Sound

27
Q

Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup/Ossicles:

A

Tiny bones of the middle ear; amplifies the vibrations of the eardrum.

28
Q

Place Theory

A

Different pitches are experienced by the
stimulation of hair cells in the cochlea.

Good for high pitch, not low pitch.

High Pitch sounds are often detected.
Low Pitch sounds are usually not detected.

29
Q

Frequency Theory

A

A sound heard is replicated and matched by the same amount of nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.

Good for low pitch, not high pitch.

A single neuron is not capable of firing some sound waves that travel 1000x/sound that are higher pitch.

30
Q

Volley Principle

A

400-4000 Hzs.

Causes hair/neural cells to fire in a volley
pattern; alternate firing in rapid succession to achieve the combined frequency.

30
Q

Cochlear Implant:

A

A device that bypasses damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve.

31
Q

Hearing Aid:

A

A device that helps amplify the sounds so it may be detected by damaged ears.

32
Q

Conduction Hearing Impairment

A

Problems with the mechanics of the outer ear.

33
Q

Nerve Hearing Impairment

A

The problem is damage to the inner ear or auditory pathways in the brain.

34
Q

Five basic tastes

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Salty
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami

Spicy is not something we taste but something we feel, so it’s not part of the gustatory sensation; instead detected by pain recpetors.

35
Q

Taste Buds:

A

Taste receptor cells located in the tongue.

35
Q

Olfaction/Olfactory Sense:

A

Ability to smell odors

35
Q

THE GUSTATORY CORTEX

A

Once chemical substances are detected, they send neural impulses to the gustatory cortex.

Located in the anterior insula and frontal operculum.

**Insula: **area of the cortex covered by folds of overlying
cortex.

**Operculum: **each fold.

The Anterior Insula is aligned with the olfactory, that’s why hen we smell something, the gustatory system is also activated.

36
Q

Olfactory Receptor Cells:

A

Neurons that send impulses
from stimuli to the brain.

37
Q

Olfactory Bulbs:

A

Two bulb-like projections of the brain
located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

37
Q

HOW DO WE DETECT ODORS?

A

Odorant binding protein is released and attached to incoming molecules.

These molecules activate the receptors in the olfactory epithelium

Axons from those receptors project directly to the olfactory bulb.

38
Q

Anosmia:

A

Inability to smell

39
Q

PAIN DISORDERS

A

Congenital Analgesia
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis (CIPA)

39
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A
40
Q

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis (CIPA)

A

Cannot control/detect their thermal sensation.

Cannot sweat/perspire for the body to cool down; may have problems like overheating.

Cannot warm up when body temperatures are low; may have problems like hypothermia.

Very dangerous because they cannot sense pain like stomach aches of internal bleeding; may lead to death.

41
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Receptors sensitive to pain are stimulated, and a neurotransmitter called substance P is released into the spinal cord.

This results in activating other pain receptors by opening “gates” in the spinal column and sending the message to the brain.

42
Q

Types of sensory receptors in the skin:

A

Pacinian Corpuscles: Respond to changes in pressure; located under layer of top skin.

43
Q

Visceral Pain:

A

Pain and pressure in
the organs.

44
Q

Somatic Pain:

A

Pain in the skin,
muscles, and joints.

45
Q

KINESTHETIC SENSE

A

Provides information about speed and direction of movement.

46
Q

Stretch receptors:

A

sense muscle stretch and contraction

47
Q

Proprioception:

A

awareness of the body and body parts.

48
Q

VESTIBULAR SENSE

A

Responsible for balance, position, and movement.

Aids in maintaining equilibrium while engaging in activities.

49
Q

Sensory Conflict Theory

A

Information from they eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular tube.

In the cochlea there is sea water-like
substance responsible for our hearing and balance.

Explains motion sickness resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort.

50
Q

Biofeedback

A

feedback about biological conditions is used to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

An alternative medical strategy that therapists and other professionals ust os to instruct patients on how to alter how their bodies work (e.g. progressive muscle relaxation). This is to help a person control their level of tension.

PSY 431: Introduction To Psychology (3 decks)

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