Unit 3 Part A: Structures/ Functions Flashcards
Components of the cell theory
1) All organisms are made of cells
2) Cell is the smallest unit of life
3) Structure/ function of an organism is due to activities of its cells
4) cells come from pre-existing cells, so all cells trace their ancestry back to the first living cell
5) Because of common ancestry, cells of all species have many chemical and metabolic similarities
Principle of complementarity of structure and function relates to the anatomy of a single cell
Cells that do a lot of work will have thousands of mitochondria. Cells that need a lot of energy to function, will be structured to obtain a lot of energy
What are the two components of the cytoplasm?
cytosol and organelles
Cytosol
fluid part of cytoplasm, made of 90% water, and other chemicals (proteins, oxygen)
Organelles
“little organs” inside the cell, each organelle has a specific function.
Plasma membrane (cell membrane) structure and function
Outer boundary of cells, separates the cell from the outside environment
What 2 regions do cell membranes create?
Intracellular region, and extracellular region
Nucleus function
largest organelle in the cell, control center, contains DNA
Nucleus structure
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, nucleoplasm
Mitochondria Function
to make energy, powerhouse, uses ATP/ cellular respiration
Mitochondria structure
matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space
Lysosome Function
Autophagy, apoptosis
Lysosome structure
contains digestive enzymes, are highly acidic
Peroxisome function
similar to lysosome, but destroys only certain substances such as free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and some fats
Ribosome structure
Not a membranous organelle, smallest organelle in the cell, contains a special RNA called rRNA
Ribosome Function
protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Structure
A channel system extending from nucleus and go throughout the cytoplasm
What are the two types of ER
Rough ER and Smooth ER
Rough ER
Has ribosomes attached
Smooth ER
no ribosomes attached
Functions of rough ER
processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi complex
Rough ER structure
Abundant in cells that secrete a lot of proteins such as WBC and cells of digestive glans (Complementarity of structure and function)
Smooth ER Function
Makes some fatty acids and hormones (Estrogen and testosterone), degrades chemicals in the liver, stores and releases Ca in the skeletal and cardiac muscle
Smooth ER Structure
Abundant in liver cells, muscle cells, and gland cells of ovary/ testes
Golgi complex Structure
a channel system in the cytoplasm (similar to ER)
Golgi Complex Function (4)
1)Continues modifications of proteins sent to it from rough ER
2) “Mail room” sorts & packages and send them to the correct destination
3)Sends the proteins off in vesicles
4) Forms lysosomes
Cytoskeleton Structure
a network of protein filaments extending all throughout the cytoplasm, not a membranous organelle (no membrane surrounding it)
Cytoplasm
collective term for all material inside the cell
What are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Microfilaments structure
smallest filament, made of a protein called actin
Microfilaments functions
1)Cellular movement (muscle contraction/ movement of entire cell)
2)During cell division, helps cytoplasm of cells separate by forming a contractile ring
3)Support: stabilizes cell membrane, maintains cell shape, and stabilizes the structure of microvilli
Intermediate Filaments structure
intermediate in size
intermediate filaments Function
Found in places of physical stress, very strong
Anchor organelles in place
Form cell junctions
Microtubules Structure
Largest filament, made of a protein called tubulin, hollow tubes of tubulin
Microtubules Function
1) Maintain cell shape
2)allow for intracellular movement
3) form cilia and flagella
What is the role of organelle in human disease and health conditions?
In many diseases/ health conditions, the cause is bc of a defect in certain organelle. The organelle is defective in a specific type of cell in the body
