Unit 3 Part A: Structures/ Functions

Question 1

Components of the cell theory

Answer 1

1) All organisms are made of cells

2) Cell is the smallest unit of life

3) Structure/ function of an organism is due to activities of its cells

4) cells come from pre-existing cells, so all cells trace their ancestry back to the first living cell

5) Because of common ancestry, cells of all species have many chemical and metabolic similarities

Question 2

Principle of complementarity of structure and function relates to the anatomy of a single cell

Answer 2

Cells that do a lot of work will have thousands of mitochondria. Cells that need a lot of energy to function, will be structured to obtain a lot of energy

Question 3

What are the two components of the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

cytosol and organelles

Question 4

Cytosol

Answer 4

fluid part of cytoplasm, made of 90% water, and other chemicals (proteins, oxygen)

Question 5

Organelles

Answer 5

“little organs” inside the cell, each organelle has a specific function.

Question 6

Plasma membrane (cell membrane) structure and function

Answer 6

Outer boundary of cells, separates the cell from the outside environment

Question 7

What 2 regions do cell membranes create?

Answer 7

Intracellular region, and extracellular region

Question 8

Nucleus function

Answer 8

largest organelle in the cell, control center, contains DNA

Question 9

Nucleus structure

Answer 9

Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

Question 10

Mitochondria Function

Answer 10

to make energy, powerhouse, uses ATP/ cellular respiration

Question 11

Mitochondria structure

Answer 11

matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space

Question 12

Lysosome Function

Answer 12

Autophagy, apoptosis

Question 13

Lysosome structure

Answer 13

contains digestive enzymes, are highly acidic

Question 14

Peroxisome function

Answer 14

similar to lysosome, but destroys only certain substances such as free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and some fats

Question 15

Ribosome structure

Answer 15

Not a membranous organelle, smallest organelle in the cell, contains a special RNA called rRNA

Question 16

Ribosome Function

Answer 16

protein synthesis

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Structure

Answer 17

A channel system extending from nucleus and go throughout the cytoplasm

Question 18

What are the two types of ER

Answer 18

Rough ER and Smooth ER

Question 19

Rough ER

Answer 19

Has ribosomes attached

Question 20

Smooth ER

Answer 20

no ribosomes attached

Question 21

Functions of rough ER

Answer 21

processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi complex

Question 22

Rough ER structure

Answer 22

Abundant in cells that secrete a lot of proteins such as WBC and cells of digestive glans (Complementarity of structure and function)

Question 23

Smooth ER Function

Answer 23

Makes some fatty acids and hormones (Estrogen and testosterone), degrades chemicals in the liver, stores and releases Ca in the skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 24

Smooth ER Structure

Answer 24

Abundant in liver cells, muscle cells, and gland cells of ovary/ testes

Question 25

Golgi complex Structure

Answer 25

a channel system in the cytoplasm (similar to ER)

Question 26

Golgi Complex Function (4)

Answer 26

1)Continues modifications of proteins sent to it from rough ER

2) “Mail room” sorts & packages and send them to the correct destination

3)Sends the proteins off in vesicles

4) Forms lysosomes

Question 27

Cytoskeleton Structure

Answer 27

a network of protein filaments extending all throughout the cytoplasm, not a membranous organelle (no membrane surrounding it)

Question 28

Cytoplasm

Answer 28

collective term for all material inside the cell

Question 29

What are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 29

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 30

Microfilaments structure

Answer 30

smallest filament, made of a protein called actin

Question 31

Microfilaments functions

Answer 31

1)Cellular movement (muscle contraction/ movement of entire cell)

2)During cell division, helps cytoplasm of cells separate by forming a contractile ring

3)Support: stabilizes cell membrane, maintains cell shape, and stabilizes the structure of microvilli

Question 32

Intermediate Filaments structure

Answer 32

intermediate in size

Question 33

intermediate filaments Function

Answer 33

Found in places of physical stress, very strong

Anchor organelles in place

Form cell junctions

Question 34

Microtubules Structure

Answer 34

Largest filament, made of a protein called tubulin, hollow tubes of tubulin

Question 35

Microtubules Function

Answer 35

1) Maintain cell shape

2)allow for intracellular movement

3) form cilia and flagella

Question 36

What is the role of organelle in human disease and health conditions?

Answer 36

In many diseases/ health conditions, the cause is bc of a defect in certain organelle. The organelle is defective in a specific type of cell in the body