Unit 3, Part 2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Treasure language

Answer 1

References the desire of speakers to sustain the use of their mother tongue into the future.

Question 2

Extinct/Dead language

Answer 2

A language that was once used by people in daily life activities but is no longer used.

Question 3

Endangered language

Answer 3

A language that is not being taught by parents to their children and not being actively used in everyday matters.

Question 4

Indigenous culture

Answer 4

A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland due to migration, colonization, and marginalization.

Question 5

Minority

Answer 5

Not in the majority (unpopular).

Question 6

Centrifugal force

Answer 6

Something that can destabilize a nation or state.

Question 7

Centripetal force

Answer 7

Something that unifies a nation or state.

Question 8

Transcendence (Dominance)

Answer 8

The act of rising above something to a superior state.

Question 9

Bilingualism

Answer 9

The ability to speak 2 languages fluently.

Question 10

Toponyms

Answer 10

Place names.

Question 11

Isogloss

Answer 11

A geographic boundary where a particular linguistic feature occurs; a language boundary.

Question 12

Accent

Answer 12

A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class; how it sounds.

Question 13

Dialect

Answer 13

Local or regional characteristics of a language (has everything to do with how we speak).

Question 14

Official language

Answer 14

In multilingual countries, a language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government.

Question 15

Standard (Institutional) language

Answer 15

A common language (the language that an individual will hear in a country that is dominant).

Question 16

Anatolia

Answer 16

A peninsula in Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey; term used to describe what is now known as Turkey.

Question 17

Indo-Iranian

Answer 17

A branch of the Indo-European family of languages, including the Iranian and Indo-Aryan subgroups.

Question 18

Multilingual state

Answer 18

Country in which more than one language is spoken.

Question 19

Global trade

Answer 19

The exchange of goods or services between countries.

Question 20

Historic migration

Answer 20

Movements of people that have changed the demographic, cultural, and political landscape of the world.

Question 21

Global language

Answer 21

Language used most commonly around the world.

Question 22

Colonialism

Answer 22

The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory and making it a part of one’s own territory, known as a colony.

Question 23

Lingua franca

Answer 23

The popular language.
Elaboration: Lingua francas are languages or systems of communication that allow speakers of different languages to communicate or trade in a language that is comprehensible to both. The original term from “Frankish language” referred to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic.

Question 24

Creolization

Answer 24

When a converged language becomes a standard language.

Question 25

Pidgin language

Answer 25

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.

Question 26

Geographer

Answer 26

A person who studies geography, the science of maps and places.

Question 27

Backward reconstruction

Answer 27

The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language.

Question 28

Sound shift

Answer 28

Slight change in a word across languages within a sub-family or through a language family from the present backwards towards its origin.

Question 29

Sedentary farmer thesis

Answer 29

The same land is farmed every year; established (not moving). - The theory that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in Anatolia and diffused their language throughout Europe and South Asia along with their agricultural practices, as opposed to war and conquest. Learning to grow their own food instead of hunting allowed populations of the speakers to grow, which grew the language in the process.

Question 30

Nomadic warrior thesis

Answer 30

The theory that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers were Kurgans, who conquered much of Europe and South Asia between 3500 and 2500 B.C., diffusing their language through war and conquest.

Question 31

Indo-European

Answer 31

A group of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans, and in parts of Asia.

Question 32

Logograms

Answer 32

Languages that do not use a phonetic alphabet.

Question 33

Ideograms

Answer 33

Communication through the use of pictures.

Question 34

Language

Answer 34

Human communication in an auditory version, written language, and body language (sign or body gestures).