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human biology > Unit 3 (neurobiology) > Flashcards

Unit 3 (neurobiology) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the brain do?

A

processes and relays information

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3
Q

converging

A

impulses from several neurons group together to form a summation

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4
Q

diverging

A

an impulse from one neuron go into several neurons e.g fine motor movement (writing)

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5
Q

the brain is composed of…

A

many interconnecting neurons

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6
Q

parts of the brain

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

medulla oblongata

A

The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating several basic functions of the autonomic nervous system, including respiration, cardiac function, vasodilation, and reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing

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8
Q

cerebellum

A

Coordination of voluntary movements. Most movements are composed of a number of different muscle groups acting together in a temporally coordinated fashion.

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9
Q

cerebrum

A

The cerebrum (front of brain) is composed of the right and left hemispheres, which are joined by the corpus callosum.

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10
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?

A

the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

it is the outer layer of the cerebrum

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12
Q

what do the left and right hemispheres of the brain do?

A

the left hemisphere processes information from the right side visual field and controls the right hand side of the body and the right hemisphere is for the right hemisphere processes information from the left visual field and controls the left of the body

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13
Q

corpus collosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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14
Q

cerebral cortex functions

A

sensory
motor
association

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15
Q

higher mental processes

A

intelligence, language, processing, personality, creativity, imagination and conscience

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16
Q

3 levels of memory

A

sensory, short term and long term

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17
Q

glieal cells

A

they produce mylin sheaths and physically support neurons, they are usually found surrounding a neuron

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18
Q

myelin sheath function

A

the presence of the mylin sheath is to increase the speed at which impulses can be transmitted from node to node along the axon of a neuron. they develop around axon fibres of individual neurons.

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19
Q

myelination

A

the development of mylin. mylination lasts from birth to adolescence this means that in the first two years of life you’re not as coordinated as an older child would be

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20
Q

Synapse

A

gap between neurons

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21
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

it is produced in several regions of the brain when a survival related urge is satisfied e.g hunger, thirst and sexual needs

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22
Q

where are endorphins produced?

A

in the hypothalamus

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23
Q

what do neurotransmitters bind with?

A

receptors

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24
Q

what are the two types of receptors?

A

inhibitory and excitatory

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25
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

short term memory can only hold a limited amount of information — usually about 7 items at one time (memory span) and the items are only held for a short time.

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26
Q

what happens when information in short term memory isn’t needed?

A

it is either:

  • transferred to LTM
  • displaced (pushed out bu new info)
  • decays
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27
Q

how do you improve short term memory?

A

rehearsal - repeating information over and over again

chunking - several units are pushed together to make one meaningful unit e.g 2341 could be remembered as 1234 which is easier to remember

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28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

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29
Q

what can recreational drugs do to someones neurochemistry and what is the effect of thus?

A

the alteration in someone’s neurochemistry may lead to changes in:

  • mood
  • cognitive thinking
  • perception
  • behaviour
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30
Q

what effect do recreational drugs have on neurotransmitters?

A

they can:

  • stimulate the release of a natural neurotransmitters
  • act as an agonist by initiating the action of a neurotransmitter
  • act as a antagonist by binding with receptors and blocking the action of a neurotransmitter
  • inhibit the reuptake of a neurotransmitter
  • inhibit the breakdown of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme
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31
Q

contextual cues

A

memory triggers

32
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made of?

A

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

33
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls not voluntary actions for example, the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). it is made of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

34
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements

35
Q

sensory neurons

A

they are neurons which connect sense receptors to the CNS

36
Q

inter neurons

A

(also known as relay, association or connector neurons) they are found in the CNS and and connect with sensory, motor and other inter neurons

37
Q

inter neurons

A

(also known as relay, association or connector neurons) they are found in the CNS and and connect with sensory, motor and other inter neurons

38
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath

39
Q

gaps in myelin sheath are called…

A

nodes

40
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic clefts between neurons

41
Q

what is elaboration (memory)?

A

analyzing the meaning of or building more detail around the item that has been memorized

42
Q

serial position effect

A

we remember things at the start and the end of a list better than what is in the middle

43
Q

ways to study the brain

A

EEG, accidents, scans and electrical simulation

44
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.

45
Q

motor areas

A

send impulses to glands to carry out responses

46
Q

association areas

A

parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from multiple areas; association areas integrate incoming sensory information, and also form connections between sensory and motor areas.

47
Q

3 effects of an increase of adrenaline

A

increased heart and breathing rate
decreased peristalsis and secretions
decreased blood pressure and blood diverted to skeletal muscles

48
Q

reverberating neural pathway

A

neurons later in the pathway link with earlier neurons. sending the impulse back through the pathway (this allows repeated simulation)

49
Q

3 layers of the brain

A 
central core (medulla and cerebrum
limbic system (hypothalamus)
cerebral cortex
50
Q

cerebral cortex use

A

conscious thought/memories/ alters behaviours in light of past experiences

51
Q

what types of information does the brain capture?

A

sights, sounds, smells, tactile sensations, emotions

52
Q

how does enzyme degradation work in the removal of neurotransmitter?

A

enzymes break down neurotransmitters into nonactive products which are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron

53
Q

what are 2 ways that neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

enzyme degragation

decay

54
Q

which structure ensures there is enough energy fir the resynthesising of neurotramsitters?

A

mitochondria provides energy through respiration

55
Q

what happens to weak stimuli at a synapse?

A

they are filtered out

56
Q

what is a summation?

A

where a series of weak stimuli can release enough neurotransimtter to meet the threshold

57
Q

why are only some impulses transferred?

A

a threshold must be met - a minimum number of neurotransmitter molecules must bind to receptors

58
Q

initial decision

A

voluntary action to take the drug for the first time

59
Q

drug addiction

A

chronic disease that causes the suffer to seek out and use the drug regardless of consequences

60
Q

sensitisation

A

an increase in number and sensitivity of receptors because of using antagonists. craving more of the drug.

61
Q

drug tolerance

A

when reaction to a drug is lessened - a larger dose is required to bring about the original effect

62
Q

desensitisation

A

decrease in number and sensitivity of receptors as a result of using agonists. leads to drug tolerance.

63
Q

which 3 methods increases transfer of information between the short term and long term memory

A

rehearsal
elaboration of meaning
organisation

64
Q

what is association (cerebral cortex)?

A

association - makes sense of/analyse the information received

65
Q

what is sensory (cerebral cortex)?

A

receives information from body’s receptors

66
Q

what is motor (cerebral cortex)?

A

motor - carry’s our orders by sending motor impulses to effectors

67
Q

why are memories displaced?

A

they are displaced as short term memory can on average only hold 7 things at once.

68
Q

what are endorphins?

A

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that stimulate neurones involved in reducing the intensity of pain.

69
Q

what does the removal of neurotransmitters or reputake prevent?

A

The need for removal of neurotransmitters by enzymes or reuptake to prevent continuous stimulation of post-synaptic neurones.

70
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

in vecsiles

71
Q

what does the arrival of impulse cause?

A

Arrival of an impulse causes vesicles to fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitter

72
Q

summation of weak stimuli can release…

A

Summation of weak stimuli can release enough neurotransmitter to fire an impulse

73
Q

which direction do nerve impulses travel?

A

left to right…from cell body along the axon to the nerve endings

74
Q

function of dendrites?

A

These receive incoming impulses from other neurones.

75
Q

describe how an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another

A
  1. Vesicle releases neurotransmitter.
  2. Neurotransmitter moves across the synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor.
  4. Sufficient amount of neurotransmitter is required (to transmit impulse).

human biology (6 decks)

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