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GCSE - Computer Science > Unit 3 - Networks✔️ > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Networks✔️ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are protocols?

A

Protocols are a set of rules for transmitting data between electronic devices such as a computer.

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2
Q

What is HTTP Protocol?

A

Stands for Hypertext transfer protocol is used for accessing and recieving web pages via the internet and is not secure.

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3
Q

What is HTTPS?

A

Hypertext transfer protocol secure is the secure version of HTTP which is the primary protocol used to send data between a web browser and a website.

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4
Q

What are some examples where HTTPS is used?

A

Banks-to prevent theft
Online shops-for bank and log in details
Social networks-for log in details and personal data

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5
Q

What is FTP protacol ?

A

File Transfer Protocol is used for sending or retrieving files to or from a FTP server.

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6
Q

How are emails sent from a computer?

A

When an email is sent from a computer it will first be sent to a mail server using the SMTP protocol it is then forwarded on by other SMTP servers.When it reaches the destination mail server it is stored.The user computer uses POP or IMAP to access the email.

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7
Q

What are POP and IMAP Protocols?

A

These email retrieval protocols fetch message data and attachments from remote mail server

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8
Q

What is POP Protocol?

A

Post office protocol will download every message to your local device they will no longer be available on the server.

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9
Q

What is IMAP protocol?

A

Internet message access protocol will leave messages on a server - they can be accesed by multiple devices and only removed if the user deletes them.

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10
Q

What is the SMTP protacol?

A

-SMTP - Simple mail transfer protocol
-This is an email protocol used for sending emails.
-Email software like Outlook send email to SMTP server
-mail server then relays the message through various other systems known as mail relays
-finaly email arrives at the estination mail server

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11
Q

What is the TCP Protocol?

A

-breaks up messages into small packets over the internet
-reassembles the packets at the other end
-detects errors
-resends lost messages

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12
Q

What is IP protocol?

A

Internet protacol routes
-the indivisual packets from IP address to another

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13
Q

What is the protocol stack?

A

This is a modular design with each layer being responsible for a small part of the communication process - 4 layers include:
-application layer
-transport layer
-internet layer
-link layer

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14
Q

What chooses the protacol?

A

The application you are using to send data will determine the correct protacol to use to communicate

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15
Q

What protacols operate in the application layer?

A

SMTP,FTP and HTTP

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16
Q

What protacol is used in the transport layer?

A

TCP Protacol - transmission control protocol

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17
Q

What does the transport layer do?

A

Creates the connection between two computer or hosts using the TCP protocol - transmission control protocol.
-breaks messages into small chunks(Packets) - each packet is given a packet number

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18
Q

What does the internet layer do?

A

The internet layer is responsible for routing packets
-routers operate on this layer
-IP protacol operates here(Internet Protacol)

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19
Q

What operates in the data link layer?

A

The network interface card/controller (NIC) and operating system drivers are at this layer

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20
Q

How are data packets recieved?

A

-link layer removes the MAC addresss , passes packets up to internet layer

-internet layer removes the ip addresses-packets then move to the transport layer

-transport layer reassembles the packets and passes data to applicaton layer

-application layer uses correct prottacol to display data,web page or email

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21
Q

Adavantages of layers?

A

-layers are self -contained
Functionality of one layer can be changed without affecting the functionality of other layers

-different hardware or software operates on a paticular layer - provides interoperability between providers and systems.
Senders and recievers using different sofftware and hardware can communicate using the same layer protocols

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22
Q

What is the internet?

A

Collection of inter-connected networks - lots of services make use of the internet

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23
Q

What is the World Wide Web?

A

One service that makes use of the internet - collection of interlinked web pages and other resources - accessed by a web browser - uses HTTP to send and recieve data

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24
Q

What is a Wide area network (WAN)?

A

Any network in which computers communicate using resources supplied by a third party carrier eg BT.
-uses cables,satellites,telephon lines - to connect two or more remote location
-internet $ largest WAN

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25
Q

Who uses wide area networks?

A

-organisations like universities and schools that have a number of geographical locations.
-each have own network join to form a WAN
-Goverments
-large companies - eg intenational banks

26
Q

Exmaples of internet of things (IOT)

A

31 billion connected to internet
-mobile devices
-smart metres
-cars
-kitchen appliances

27
Q

What is an IP?

A

Every computer has an Internet protcol address

28
Q

What are IPv4 addresses?

A

-four 8 bit numbers(0-255)

29
Q

What are IPv6 addresses?

A

Are 128-bit numbers - repersented in hex

30
Q

What is circuit switching?

A

When you make a telephone call - dedicated connection is set up between you and other person - not enough lines for a billions sending data - only used for phone calls

31
Q

Why can’t circuit switching be used for sending data?

A

There is not enough lines for all billions of people sending data across the internet - works for phone calls - packet switching solves this issue

32
Q

What is packet switching?

A

When you send data it is broken up into data ‘packets’ each packet numbered - checked for data

33
Q

What are all the headers each packet given?

A

-IP address it is going to
-IP address it has come from
-sequence number of packets
-number of packets in communication
-error checking data

34
Q

What does each packet contain?

A

-Each data packet will contain same number of bytes.
-may flow through the internet via different routes
-each packet marked so they can be put back together by reciever

35
Q

What happens when packets arrive?

A

-recipients computer re-orders the packet into correct order
-each packet checked for errors

36
Q

What are nodes?

A

Points on a network diagram are called nodes

37
Q

What is a Domain Name Sysetm(DNS)

A

DNS made of domain names - translates web address into an IP address - makes it easier to search websites dont have to remeber IP address

38
Q

What is a Domain name?

A

A domain name is a name used to refer to an IP address.
Google.co.uk example of domain name

39
Q

How many DNS root servers are there and what do they do?

A

13 DNS root servers - keep a complete database of all domain names and IP addresses.

40
Q

Who own low level DNS servers?

A

Lower level DNS servers ownded by internet service providers(ISPs)

41
Q

What happens when a DNS server recieves an unkown request?

A

When a DNS server recieves a request not in its database - passed on to another server until it reaches one with matching IP address

42
Q

Does your IP address change?

A

Your device ip address changes when you move to a new location.

43
Q

What is a MAC address?

A

Media access control (mac) address assigned to every network interface card(NIC).

-each device has a unique MAC address - neer changes

44
Q

Role of MAC address?

A

When you request web page - each router uses MAC address of the next router to send data packets
MAC address unique - never changes

45
Q

What is a LAN?

A

LAN stands for Local Area Netwok operates on a single site using their own cabling systems

46
Q

What is a star network?

A

In a star network computers and ther nodes are all conected to a central switch.

47
Q

Advanatges of a star network?

A

-fast transfer of data to the hub-each wire not shaired with other computers
-if ones cabel is damaged system remians unaffected.

48
Q

Disadvantages of a star network?

A

-requires additional hardware such as central switch and network cabels
-if the central switch goes down the whole network is affected

49
Q

What is mesh networking?

A

Nodes act aas routers for data in order to relay and propagate data in the network

50
Q

What are partial mesh networks often used for?

A

Partial mesh network is usually used in conjuction with a star network to form a much larger network

51
Q

Pro of a wireless mesh network?

A

-potential to provide wifi slutions ofr whole cities/country
-only one node needs wired internet connection - no other cabaling/infrastructure needed
-more nodes - much faster bandwith

52
Q

Advantages of a mesh network

A

-no single point of failure - less chance of it getting shutdown
-expansion and modification - done without distruption
-data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of a mesh network?

A

-can involve redundant conections
-expensive to instal cabeling
-network maintance and administration is hard

54
Q

Equipment needed to conect a computer to a LAN?

A

-network interface card - in computer
-router/switch - provides access to LAN
-modem-usually combined in the router
-wireless access point - normaly part of router

55
Q

What is a router?

A

-looks at destination of packets and sends them on the quickest route
-routes packets between home LAN and internet

56
Q

What is a switch?

A

-connect each node in network
-know MAC address of conected devices
-when packet arrives sends it to correct computer

57
Q

What is and ethernet protocol?

A

Describes how devices should format data ready for transmission between computer on network.

58
Q

What is transmission media?

A

Is the way that communication is sent through the network

59
Q

What does the application layer do?

A

Encodes/decodes the message in a form that is understood by the sender and the recipient

60
Q

What dows the data link layer do?

A

Enables the transfer of packets between nodes on a network - and between one network and another

GCSE - Computer Science (10 decks)

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