Unit 3 Module 4.1 Flashcards
rules for organic chemistry
find the longest continuous chain
name the chain coming off
count which carbon this from- lowest
does the same chain come off more than once
chains named alphabetically
any functional groups go at the end of the name
what does aliphatic mean
carbon chains
what does alicyclic mean
carbon atoms in a ring structure
what does aromatic mean
involves benzene rings
what does homologous series mean
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
what is molecular formula
counts the numbers of each sort of atoms present
C4H10
what is displayed formula
shows all the bonds in the molecule
what is structural formula
allows you to work out the structure
CH3CH2CH3
what is a structural isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
what is position isomerism
basic carbon skeleton is unchanged but important groups are moved around the skeleton
how do bonds form in alkanes
the overlap of orbitals gives sigma bonds- these bonds can freely rotate
algebraic formula for balancing complete combustion equations
CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 +y/2 H2O
what is a radical
a species with an unpaired electron
what is the initiation reaction
chain initiated, by UV light breaking a chlorine molecule into free radicals (homolytic fission)
what is the substitution reaction
hydrogen atoms are replaced b cl or br atoms
what are propagation reactions
keep the chain going
what are termination reactions
remove free radicals from the system
what do double bonds do to a molecule
puts a kink in the chain, so the molecules cant pack together so tightly- weaker intermolecular forces
how does a double bond form
sigma and pi bond- pi bond formed from the overlap of p orbitals and stops rotation
define isomerism
molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula
define position isomerism
basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged but important groups move around the skeleton
define stereoisomerism
same structural formula but a different arrangement in space
two types of stereoisomerism
cis and trans
E and Z
what must be there for E Z isomerism
C=C
different groups attached to each C in the double bond
what is the difference between E and Z isomerism
Z- they’re on the same side
E- they’re on opposite sides
what must there be for cis and trans isomerism
C=C
each C must be attached to 2 different groups but one of these groups on each C must be a H
what is the difference between cis and trans
cis- on the same side
trans- on different sides
what is the Cahn-ingold-Prelog priority rule
higher atomic number gives atom priority
what happens with addition reactions with hydrogen
hydrogenation
what reactions do alkanes undergo
combustion
substitution
what reactions do alkenes undergo
combustion
addition
why are alkenes attacked by electrophiles
high electron density of double bond means alkenes are attacked by electrophiles
what is an electrophile
electron pair acceptors
what is a carbocation
positive carbon formed in addition mechanism
bond fission in electrophilic addition
heterolytic
what is markovnikoffs rule
hydrogen atoms will attach itself to the carbon atom of the alkene with greater number of H atoms and fewer number of C atoms
which is more energetically stable secondary or primary carbocation
secondary- less activation energy is needed
what is polymerisation
when an alkene undergoes addition reactions with itself to form a polymer
conditions- high temp, high pressure
what decides the properties of a polymer
chain length
side groups
branching
uses of polymers
windows, electrical insulation, cups, plastic bags
ways of processing waste polymers
combustion for energy production
organic feedstock
removal of toxic waste products
biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
what is heterolytic fission
breaking of a covalent bond, where one atom gets both of the shared electrons
what is homolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks, each atoms gets one of the shared electrons- creating free radicals
what does a curly double headed arrow represent
the movement of a pair of electrons
+ve and -ve of combustion for energy production
removes polymers, heat energy produces, saves fossil fuels
CO2 produced, toxic gases
+ve of organic feedstock
breaks down polymers without separating them, reduces amount of crude oil used
+ve and -ve of removal of toxic waste products
removes polymer, neutralises toxic products, generates power, saves fossil fuels
expensive
+ve and -ve of biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
biodegradable, less fossil fuels used
long time, small fragments eaten by animals
