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Psychology > Unit 3: Models to explain learning > Flashcards

Unit 3: Models to explain learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

The process of learning associations between a stimulus in the environments (one event) and a behavioural response (another event).

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Refers to a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli.

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4
Q

UCS

A

Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response.

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5
Q

UCR

A

The involuntary response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

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6
Q

NS

A

Any stimulus that does not normally produce a particular response.

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7
Q

CS

A

The stimulus that is neutral to begin with, but eventually triggers a similar response to that of the UCS.

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8
Q

CR

A

The learned response that is produced by the CS.

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9
Q

Stimulus generalisation (CC)

A

The tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the CS to produce a response that is similar, but not necessarily identical, to the CR.

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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination (CC)

A

Occurs when a person/animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the CS.

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11
Q

Extinction (CC)

A

The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented.

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period after the CR appears to have been extinguished.

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13
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

An emotional reaction such as fear or anger in response to a specific stimulus learnt through classical conditioning.

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14
Q

Who was responsible for the Little Albert experiment?

A

John. B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

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15
Q

Ethic principles that may have been breached in Little Albert?

A

Informed consent, psychological harm

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16
Q

Operant conditoning

A

A type of learning whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

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17
Q

Operant

A

Any response on the environment that acts on the environment to produce some consequence.

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18
Q

Antecedent (OC)

A

A stimulus that occurs before the behaviour

19
Q

Behaviour (OC)

A

Occurs due to the antecedent

20
Q

Consequence (OC)

A

The consequence to the behaviour

21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Occurs when a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows.

22
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of response that it follows.

23
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

A stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence.

24
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.

25
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

Any unpleasant stimulus that, when is removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response.

26
Q

Negative response

A

Involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

27
Q

Punishment

A

The delivery of an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.

28
Q

Positive punishment

A

Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing or weakening the likelihood of a response occurring again.

29
Q

Response cost (negative punishment)

A

Involving the removal of any valued stimulus, whether or not it causes the behaviour.

30
Q

Stimulus generalisation (OC)

A

Occurs when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar to the sitmulus that was present when the conditioned response was reinforced.

31
Q

Stimulus discrimination (OC)

A

Occurs when the organism makes the correct response to a stimulus and is reinforced, but does not respond to any other stimulus, even when stimuli are similar.

32
Q

Extinction (OC)

A

The gradual decrease in the strength/rate of a conditioned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the response.

33
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After the apparent extinction of a conditioned response, the organism may once again show the response in the absence of any reinforcement.

34
Q

Observational learning

A

Occurs when someone uses observation of a model’s actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions.

35
Q

Social learning

A

Emphasises the importance of the environment, or ‘social context’ in which learning occurs

36
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

The watching of behaviour being either reinforced or punished, and then behaving in exactly the same way or in a modified way or refraining from the behaviour, as a result of what they have observed.

37
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

The increase of the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced.

38
Q

Vicarious punishment

A

Occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behaviour decreases after having seen a model’s behaviour being punished.

39
Q

ARRMR

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement

40
Q

Attention

A

Attending to or closely watching a model’s behaviour and the consequences.

41
Q

Retention

A

The storing of a mental representation of what has been observed, with the more meaningful we make the representation, the more accurately we are able to replicate the behaviour.

42
Q

Reproduction

A

The attempting to reproduce or imitate what as been observed through the ability to put into practice what we have observed.

43
Q

Motivation

A

Observer must have the desire to want to reproduce what has been observed.

44
Q

Reinforcement (ARRMR)

A

Reinforcement influences the observer’s motivation to perform the observed behaviour.

Psychology (4 decks)

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