Unit 3: Metabolic Processes Flashcards
Define: Catabolism
The process of breaking down complex molecules for the release of energy
Define: Anabolism
The process of synthesizing complex molecules for the storage of energy
Define: Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in a living system (make up of anabolism and catabolism)
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
During any process, the universe tends towards disorderand entropy (the measure of disorder) is constantly increasing
Define: Exergonic
A spontaneous reaction where the system releases energy (catabolism)
Define: Endergonic
A non-spontaneous reaction that requires energy input and decreases entropy (anabolism)
If ΔG is negative, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic?
Exergonic
Is catabolism endergonic or exergonic?
Exergonic
Is anabolism endergonic or exergonic?
Endergonic
What is hydrolysis/digestion (endergonic or exergonic)?
Exergonic
What is condensation synthesis (endergonic or exergonic)?
Endergonic
The oxidation of glucose is… (endergonic or exergonic)?
Exergonic
The reduction of ADP to form ATP is… (endergonic or exergonic)?
Endergonic
Label the diagram of the mitchondria 1-5
- Intermembrane space
- Inner membrane
- Outer membrane
- Cristae
- Mitochondrial matrix
Define: Outer membrane (mitochondria)
Contains transport proteins that allow for the transport of pyruvate from the cytosol
Define: Inner membrane (mitochondria)
Contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative phosphorylation)
Define: Cristae (mitochondria)
The folds the inner membrane is arranged into that increases the surface area to volume ratio
Define: Intermembrane space (mitochondria)
A small space between membranes that maximizes hydrogen gradient upon protein accumulation
Define: Matrix (mitochondria)
The central cavity that contains the enzymes and pH for the Krebs cycle to occur
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm of the cell
Define: Oxidation
When a substance loses electrons
Define: Reduction
When a substance gains electrons
Define: Redox
A reaction where the electrons lost by one substance are gained by another
What is the first step of glycolysis?
Priming reaction
What happens in the priming reaction stage?
- ATP loses a phosphate and is reduced to ADP
- Phosphate attaches to the 6th carbon of glucose, forming fructose-6-P (F6P)
- Another ATP loses a phosphate and is reduced to ADP
- The second phosphate attaches to the 1st carbon, forming fructose-1,6-biphosphate (F 1,6 BP)
What is the second stage of glycolysis?
Cleavage
What happens in the cleavage stage?
- F 1,6 BP splits into two 3 carbon molecules with a phosphate on each
- The molecules are glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
What is the third stage of glycolysis?
Oxidation and ATP formation
What happens in the oxidation and ATP formation stage?
- A phosphate from an inorganic molecule/process is added at the same time that NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
- The second phosphate is added to the G3P, creating BPG (3 carbons, 2 phosphates)
- ADP takes the second phosphate off BPG to create ATP and leaves 3PG
- 3PG converted to PEP (a carboxylic acid with the phosphate on the second carbon)
- Another ADP takes the phosphate off PEP to create ATP and leaves pyruvate
What are the final products of glycolysis from 1 glucose?
2 NADH+ H+
2 ATP (net)
2 pyruvate
Since glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule produces 4 ATP, why is the final product 2 net ATP
Because 2 ATP are initially used to start the process of glycolysis, therefore the yield is 2 net ATP
