Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity

Question 1

Allele

Answer 1

One of many alternative types of a gene that come from mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 2

Centromere

Answer 2

The part of a chromosome which plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division.

Question 3

Chromatid

Answer 3

Half of a Chromosome; one of the two identical halves of a Chromosome that has been made identical to prepare for cell division.

Question 4

Chromosome

Answer 4

A tightly wounded string of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information.

Question 5

Codon (Chart)

Answer 5

is a chart of all the Codons and the Amino Acids that make up said Codon.

Question 6

Crossing Over

Answer 6

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous Chromosomes during the creation and development of egg and sperm cells.

Question 7

Daughter Cell

Answer 7

the cells that are created and multiplied further after cell division. The result of the last step of cell division.

Question 8

Deletion

Answer 8

A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at one or more nucleotide in a gene and or more genes in a DNA strand. Usually the aftermath of a mutation.

Question 9

Diploid

Answer 9

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes (23 pairs, one from a father and one from a mother).

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the molecule that carries genetic information, key for the development and survival of an organism and/or cell.

Question 11

Fertilization

Answer 11

Union of a sperm nucleus containing 23 chromosomes, of paternal origin, with an egg nucleus also containing 23 chromosomes, of maternal origin, to form the primary nucleus of 46 chromosomes from each parent.

Question 12

Frameshift

Answer 12

a genetic mutation performing a deletion or insertion in a DNA strand and/or specific Codons, that shifts the way the sequence is read.

Question 13

Gene

Answer 13

A portion of a DNA strand that is transferred from a parent to offspring, usually determining characteristic of said offspring. The portion is made up of Codons, and the Codons made up of Nucleotides.

Question 14

Gamete

Answer 14

A haploid cell that bonds with a pairing haploid cell specifically during fertilization. Usually in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Question 14

Gene Mutation

Answer 14

A change in one or more genes. Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders or illnesses, some into evolutionary mutations that benefit the recipient.

Question 14

Genetic Code

Answer 14

A set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal. These letters are usually T (U in RNA), A, G, C.

Question 15

Independent Assortment

Answer 15

how different genes separates from one another when reproductive cells develop further.

Question 15

Haploid

Answer 15

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

A process where 1 cell divides to produce 4 cells, containing half the original amount of genetic information they normally would.

Question 15

Genetic Variation

Answer 15

The presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species. The differences in appearance, ability, and intelligence that is varied by the genetics chosen.

Question 16

Homologous Chromosome

Answer 16

Pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical, the distinctive properties being their placement of the centromere and the elongated parts of the chromosomes length.

Question 17

Insertion

Answer 17

the addition of one or more nucleotides into a strand of DNA, usually being a mutation of a DNA strand.

Question 18

Meiosis I

Answer 18

During a stage called meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair with one another, then segregate to different daughter cells.

Question 19

Meiosis II

Answer 19

During a stage of Meiosis named Meiosis II, The 2nd division in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into daughter cells also.

Question 20

Monosomy

Answer 20

The condition in which only from a pair in cells, rather than the usual 2 copies usually found in diploid cells, 1 is found.

Question 21

Mutagen

Answer 21

Radioactive substances, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals, or anything that could cause a alternation in DNA strands.

Question 21

Mutation

Answer 21

Mistakes during cell division, exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment, or Mutagens. Causing differentiations in cell’s DNA and/or organisms DNA.

Question 22

Nondisjunction

Answer 22

A pair of homologous chromosomes failing to separate or segregate, making both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell.

Question 22

Offspring

Answer 22

Recipient of 23 chromosomes from a father and 23 from a mother, creating new pairs of 23 chromosomes. The young creation of living organisms.

Question 23

Parent Cell

Answer 23

A cell that is sourced from a parent of a offspring, being a cell that divides to produce 2 or more daughter cells.

Question 24

Replication

Answer 24

the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells. Before a cell divides, it must copy its own DNA so that each resulting daughter cell ends up with its own complete DNA strand.

Question 24

Point Mutation

Answer 24

Occurs in DNA when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. While most point mutations are subtle and can do no harm, some have some major side effects that could be consequential to the recipient.

Question 25

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 25

he production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

The production of new organisms by the combining factor of to organism’s DNA. This is usually the combination of a sperm and a egg from different sexes.

Question 26

Somatic Cell

Answer 26

Any cell of a living organism that aren’t reproductive cells in the organism.

Question 27

Trait

Answer 27

A distinguishing quality or characteristic belonging to a organism or species.

Question 27

Trisomy

Answer 27

A chromosomal condition that can be characterized by an additional chromosome in cells of an organism.

Question 27

Substitution

Answer 27

In which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide, swapping the two. This is usually described as a mutation.