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Nat 5 Biology Rosa > Unit 3 Life On Earth > Flashcards

Unit 3 Life On Earth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of Biodiversity

A

Total variety amongst all living things on earth

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2
Q

What is the definition of Abiotic factor

A

Non living factors that can effect the distribution of organisms

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3
Q

What is the definition of Biotic Factor

A

Living factors that can effect the distribution of organisms

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4
Q

What is the definition of a carnivore

A

An animal which only eats animals

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5
Q

What is the definition of a community

A

Community - all of the animals and plants that are living in one area

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6
Q

What is the definition of a consumer

A

Organisms that feed of another organisms

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7
Q

What is the definition of an ecosystem

A

An ecosystem consists of all organisms living in a particular area and the non living components with which they interact

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8
Q

What is the definition of a Food chain

A

A sequence that shows feeding relationships and the transfer of energy between organisms

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9
Q

What is the definition of a food web

A

Food chains that are linked to show the complex feeding relations in a habitat

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10
Q

What is the definition of a habitat

A

A habitat is the place where an organisms live

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11
Q

What is the definition of a omnivore

A

Organisms that feeds on both animals and plant materials

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12
Q

What is the definition of a population

A

A Population is groups of organisms of one species living in an area

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13
Q

What is the definition of a Producer

A

Organisms that produce its own food

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14
Q

What is the definition of Species

A

A group that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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15
Q

What is the definition of a Niche

A

A Nichte is a role that an organisms plays within a community

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16
Q

What is the definition of a Herbivore

A

Organisms that feeds on the plant material

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17
Q

What our abiotic factors

A

Moisture
Light intensity
PH
Temperature

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18
Q

What our biotic factors

A

Competition for resources (e.g food and space)
Diseases
Predation
Grazing

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19
Q

What is the definition of a Independent variable

A

The variable that is changed in an experiment

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20
Q

What is a control

A

It is a comparison

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21
Q

What Can you use to measure light intensity

A

A light Meter

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22
Q

What Can you use to measure soil moisture

A

Moisture meter

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23
Q

What Can you use to measure temperature

A

Thermometer

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24
Q

What Can you use to measure pH

A

Ph probe

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25
Q

What’s a source of error when measuring light intensity

A

A shadow may be cast on the light meter

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26
Q

What’s a source of error when measuring soil moisture

A

Moisture left on probe from previous reading

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27
Q

What’s a source of error when measuring temperature

A

Thermometer not left long enough

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28
Q

What’s a source of error when measuring pH

A

Contamination from previous sample

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29
Q

How to minimise error when measuring light intensity

A

Ensure that nobody is covering the light meter

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30
Q

How to minimise error when measuring soil moisture

A

Wipe the probe between each reading

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31
Q

How to minimise error when measuring temperature

A

Allow thermometer to settle before taking the reading

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32
Q

How to minimise error when measuring pH

A

Clean the probe between each reading

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33
Q

When do competition occur in the ecosystem

A

When resources are in short supply

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34
Q

Finish the sentence

Interspecific competition occurs amongst..

A

Individuals of the different species for one or a few of the resources they require

35
Q

Finish the sentence

Intraspecific competition occurs amongst..

A

Individuals of the same species and is for all resources required

36
Q

Out of Interspecific and Intraspecific competition which is more intense

A

Intraspecific

37
Q

Finish the sentence

A pitfall trap is used to..

A

Collect sample ground invertebrates

38
Q

How do you sit up a pit fall trap

A

A cup is place level with the grounds and covered by leaves to camouflage it allows grounds animals to fall in. Organisms collected then counted

39
Q

What sources of error are in a pitfall trap and how do we minimise the errors

A

Birds may eat trapped animals
-make sure the trap is camouflaged
Some animals may eat others
-check traps regularly

40
Q

What are indicator species

A

Organisms that indicate levels of pollution or environment quality by their presence, absence or abundance in the environment

41
Q

What are examples of an indicator species

A

Lichens, daphnia

42
Q

What are examples of an indicator species

A

Lichens, daphnia

43
Q

What’s the formula for percentage increase

A

Percentage increase = difference/original number x 100

44
Q

2 difference species =

A

Interspecific

45
Q

Same species =

A

Intraspecific

46
Q

What’s the word equation for photosynthesis

A

🩵🩵🩵🩵🩵🩵light
Carbon dioxide——————-> Glucose +
🩵🩵+water.🩵Chlorophyll 🩵Oxgen

47
Q

What are the raw materials in photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water

48
Q

What are the conditions of photosynthesis

A

Light
And chlorophyll

49
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis

A

Glucose and oxygen

50
Q

What is stage 2 of photosynthesis

A

The ATP and hydrogen generated from the light reactions and carbon dioxide from air are combined. They are converted into sugar during a series of enzymes controlled reaction

51
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

A chemical found in chloroplast that is able to trap light energy

52
Q

What is stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

The light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts some of this light energy is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP the remaining light energy is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen the oxygen is diffused from the cell

53
Q

What is a pyramid of numbers

A

A diagram of the total numbers of of organisms at each stage of a food chain

54
Q

What is a pyramid of energy

A

A diagram of the total energy contained within each stage of the food chain

55
Q

What are the tree ways energy is lost along a food chain

A

Heat, movement, undigested materials

56
Q

True of false pyramids of numbers can be irregularly shaped

A

True

57
Q

True or false a pyramid of energy can be irregularly shaped

A

False, it is always pyramid shaped

58
Q

What methods can we use to increase food yields

A

Use fertilisers or use gm crops

59
Q

How do we prevent pests from damaging crops

A

Use pesticides, GM crops or use a biological control

60
Q

Why do people use fertilisers

A

To increase crop yield

61
Q

What is an advantage of fertilisers

A

They increase crop yield

62
Q

What is a disadvantage of fertilisers

A

They can leach into fresh water

63
Q

Why do people use pesticides

A

To prevent damage to crops

64
Q

What is one disadvantage of pesticides

A

Causes bioaccumulation in food chains

65
Q

Why do people use GM crops

A

To increase crop yields and to prevent crop damage

66
Q

What is a disadvantage of GM crops

A

They are expensive

67
Q

Why do people use biological controls

A

To prevent damage to crops

68
Q

What is an advantage to using biological controls

A

No chemicals are required

69
Q

What is one disadvantage of biological controls

A

They are difficult to manage

70
Q

Fertilisers provide chemicals such as nitrates how does this increase crop yield

A

Nitrates are used to produce amino acids which are synthesised to make plant proteins

71
Q

What happens when fertilisers leach into water (algal bloom)

A
  1. Fertilisers leach into the water
  2. There is an increase in algal populations, this is known as an algal bloom
  3. Algal blooms reduce light levels killing aquatic plants
  4. The dead plants become food for bacteria. The bacteria increase greatly in number
  5. The bacteria use up large quantities of oxygen, reducing the oxygen availability for other organisms such as fish.
72
Q

What is bioaccumulation

A

When pesticides are sprayed onto crops they can accumulate in the bodies of organisms over time as they are passed along food chains they increase in toxicity and can reach lethal levels

73
Q

What are alternatives to pesticides and fertilisers

A

GM crops and biological controls

74
Q

What is a mutation

A

The random change to an organisms genetic material.

75
Q

What three things can a mutation be described as

A

Advantageous, disadvantageous and neutral.

76
Q

What causes mutations

A

Mutations are spontaneous but some environmental factors like radiation a di some chemicals can increase the rate of mutation

77
Q

What causes natural selection

A

Selection pressures weather that is the environment, availability of food or new predators

78
Q

What is natural selection

A

The name of a scientific theory that explains how evolution happens

79
Q

What are the steps of natural selection

A
  1. Species produce more offspring that the environs can sustain.
  2. The best adapted individual in a population survive.
  3. The survivors reproduce and pass on favourable alleles with the selective advantage.
  4. The favourable alleles increase in frequency within the population
80
Q

What is speciation

A

The process of a new species evolving

81
Q

What are the three major steps of speciation

A

Isolation, mutation and natural selection

82
Q

What are the three types of barriers

A

Geographical, ecological and behavioural

83
Q
A

Nat 5 Biology Rosa (2 decks)

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