Unit 1 cell biology Flashcards
What is cell ultrastructure
All the parts the make up the cell
What is the function of the cell wall
Protects and helps the cell to keep its shape
What is the function if the cell membrane
Controls what enters and exits the cell
What does selectively permeable mean
Only certain molecules can pass through
What is a chloroplast
Small green discs in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
What is the cytoplasm
The jelly inside a cell where the organelles are found
What is the function of the nucleus
It contains genetic information
What is the function of ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis
What is the function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
What is organelle
Any part of the cell found in the cytoplasm
What is cellulose
The chemical that makes up plant cell walls
What is a vacuole
A structure found in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap
What are the four main cells
Animal, plant, bacteria and fungi
What cells is the cell wall present in
Plant fungus and bacteria
What cells is the cell membrane in
All four
What cells is the cytoplasm in
All four
What cells is mitochondria in
Animal, plant fungus
What cells are chloroplasts in
Plant
What cells have a vacuole
Plant and fungus
What cells have ribosomes
All four
What cells have plasmids
Bacteria and sometimes fungus
What cells have a nucleus
Animal plant and fungus
What is the function of plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules that contain genes
What is DNA
A molecule found in all life on earth
What is genetic code
The sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that is different for all living things
What does double stranded mean
Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands
What are the four bases
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
What is a gene
A section of DNA that codes for a protein
What is mRNA
A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome
Where do u find chromosomes
In the nucleus
What does adenine pair with
Thymine
What does cytosine pair with
Guanine
What are proteins made from
Amino acids
What is the first stage of protein production
A complementary copy of part of the DNA is made in the nucleus this is called messenger RNA
What is the second stage of protein production
The mRNA travels to a ribosome to determine the order of amino acids used
What are phospholipids
Molecules that make up the cell membrane with proteins
What is passive transport
Movement of molecules that does not require energy
What is a concentration gradient
When there is a difference in concentration on each side of a cell membrane
What is diffusion
The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
What is osmosis
The movement of water from higher water concentration to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
What does turgid mean
A plant cell that has filled up with water
What does plasmolysed mean
A plant cell that has shrunk as water moved out of it
What is active transport
The movement of molecules and ions against the concentration gradient that requires energy
What are cell membranes made from
Phospholipids and proteins
Why are plant and animal cells effected differently by osmosis
Because animals don’t have a cell wall
What happens when there is too much water in an animal cell
It bursts
What is the function of the cytoplasm
Where many chemical reactions happen including fermentation
What is the function of the vacuole
A compartment of the cell that stores water and helps to keep the cell turgid
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts made by all living cells
What is a catalyst
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without be ion changed itself
What is the active site
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
What is a substrate
The molecule at the start of the reaction
What is the product
The molecule(s) produced at the end of the reaction
What is a break down reaction called
Degradation
What is a build up reaction called
Synthesis
What are optimum conditions
The conditions that allow an enzyme to be at its most active
What does denatured mean
When an enzyme changes shape and the rate of reaction decreases
What are proteins needed for
Structural, hormones, antibodies, receptors and enzymes
What are enzymes made from
Proteins
What are she three steps of enzymes
- The enzyme binds to the substrate at the active site
- An enzyme-substrate complex is formed
- Products are formed these are released and the enzyme can be used again
What is genetic engineering
The process of removing genetic information from one organism and inserting it into another
What is a required gene
The new gene that is being inserted into the organism
What is a source chromosome
The chromosome that contains the required gene
What is the host bacterial cell
The new cell that the required gene is being inserted into
What is step one of genetic engineering
Identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome
What is step two of genetic engineering
Extract the required gene using enzymes
What is step three of genetic engineering
Extract the plasmid form the bacterial cell
What is step four of genetic engineering
Insert the required gene into the plasmid and seal using enzymes
What step five of genetic engineering
Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism
What is respiration
A series of chemical reactions that convert energy from glucose to atp
What is ATP
A molecule that cells can use to transfer energy from one part of the cell to another
What does aerobic mean
Requires oxygen
What is fermentation
A form of respiration that does not require oxygen
What is ATP needed for
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, transmission of nerve impulses, protein synthesis
Where does aerobic respiration take place
In the mitochondria
Does aerobic respiration require oxygen
Yes
True of false aerobic respiration creates lots of ATP
True
Does fermentation require oxygen
No
Where does fermentation take place
In the cytoplasm
Is the process of fermentation the same in animal and plant and yeast cells
No it’s different
How many molecules of ATP does fermentation produce
2
What is step one of aerobic respiration
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate releasing 2 molecules of ATP
What is step 2 of aerobic respiration
Each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water this releases enough energy to yield a large number of ATP
What is step one of fermentation in animal cells
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP
What is step 2 of fermentation in animal cells
The pyruvate is converted into lactate
What is step 1 of fermentation in plants and yeast cells
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP
