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Nat 5 Biology Rosa > Unit 1 cell biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell ultrastructure

A

All the parts the make up the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Protects and helps the cell to keep its shape

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3
Q

What is the function if the cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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4
Q

What does selectively permeable mean

A

Only certain molecules can pass through

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5
Q

What is a chloroplast

A

Small green discs in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The jelly inside a cell where the organelles are found

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

It contains genetic information

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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10
Q

What is organelle

A

Any part of the cell found in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is cellulose

A

The chemical that makes up plant cell walls

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12
Q

What is a vacuole

A

A structure found in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap

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13
Q

What are the four main cells

A

Animal, plant, bacteria and fungi

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14
Q

What cells is the cell wall present in

A

Plant fungus and bacteria

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15
Q

What cells is the cell membrane in

A

All four

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16
Q

What cells is the cytoplasm in

A

All four

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17
Q

What cells is mitochondria in

A

Animal, plant fungus

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18
Q

What cells are chloroplasts in

A

Plant

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19
Q

What cells have a vacuole

A

Plant and fungus

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20
Q

What cells have ribosomes

A

All four

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21
Q

What cells have plasmids

A

Bacteria and sometimes fungus

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22
Q

What cells have a nucleus

A

Animal plant and fungus

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23
Q

What is the function of plasmids

A

Small circular DNA molecules that contain genes

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24
Q

What is DNA

A

A molecule found in all life on earth

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25
Q

What is genetic code

A

The sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that is different for all living things

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26
Q

What does double stranded mean

A

Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands

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27
Q

What are the four bases

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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28
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

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29
Q

What is mRNA

A

A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome

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30
Q

Where do u find chromosomes

A

In the nucleus

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31
Q

What does adenine pair with

A

Thymine

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32
Q

What does cytosine pair with

A

Guanine

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33
Q

What are proteins made from

A

Amino acids

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34
Q

What is the first stage of protein production

A

A complementary copy of part of the DNA is made in the nucleus this is called messenger RNA

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35
Q

What is the second stage of protein production

A

The mRNA travels to a ribosome to determine the order of amino acids used

36
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Molecules that make up the cell membrane with proteins

37
Q

What is passive transport

A

Movement of molecules that does not require energy

38
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

When there is a difference in concentration on each side of a cell membrane

39
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

40
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water from higher water concentration to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

41
Q

What does turgid mean

A

A plant cell that has filled up with water

42
Q

What does plasmolysed mean

A

A plant cell that has shrunk as water moved out of it

43
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of molecules and ions against the concentration gradient that requires energy

44
Q

What are cell membranes made from

A

Phospholipids and proteins

45
Q

Why are plant and animal cells effected differently by osmosis

A

Because animals don’t have a cell wall

46
Q

What happens when there is too much water in an animal cell

A

It bursts

47
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Where many chemical reactions happen including fermentation

48
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

A compartment of the cell that stores water and helps to keep the cell turgid

49
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts made by all living cells

50
Q

What is a catalyst

A

Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without be ion changed itself

51
Q

What is the active site

A

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

52
Q

What is a substrate

A

The molecule at the start of the reaction

53
Q

What is the product

A

The molecule(s) produced at the end of the reaction

54
Q

What is a break down reaction called

A

Degradation

55
Q

What is a build up reaction called

A

Synthesis

56
Q

What are optimum conditions

A

The conditions that allow an enzyme to be at its most active

57
Q

What does denatured mean

A

When an enzyme changes shape and the rate of reaction decreases

58
Q

What are proteins needed for

A

Structural, hormones, antibodies, receptors and enzymes

59
Q

What are enzymes made from

A

Proteins

60
Q

What are she three steps of enzymes

A
  1. The enzyme binds to the substrate at the active site
  2. An enzyme-substrate complex is formed
  3. Products are formed these are released and the enzyme can be used again
61
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

The process of removing genetic information from one organism and inserting it into another

62
Q

What is a required gene

A

The new gene that is being inserted into the organism

63
Q

What is a source chromosome

A

The chromosome that contains the required gene

64
Q

What is the host bacterial cell

A

The new cell that the required gene is being inserted into

65
Q

What is step one of genetic engineering

A

Identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome

66
Q

What is step two of genetic engineering

A

Extract the required gene using enzymes

67
Q

What is step three of genetic engineering

A

Extract the plasmid form the bacterial cell

68
Q

What is step four of genetic engineering

A

Insert the required gene into the plasmid and seal using enzymes

69
Q

What step five of genetic engineering

A

Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism

70
Q

What is respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions that convert energy from glucose to atp

71
Q

What is ATP

A

A molecule that cells can use to transfer energy from one part of the cell to another

72
Q

What does aerobic mean

A

Requires oxygen

73
Q

What is fermentation

A

A form of respiration that does not require oxygen

74
Q

What is ATP needed for

A

Muscle cell contraction, cell division, transmission of nerve impulses, protein synthesis

75
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place

A

In the mitochondria

76
Q

Does aerobic respiration require oxygen

A

Yes

77
Q

True of false aerobic respiration creates lots of ATP

A

True

78
Q

Does fermentation require oxygen

A

No

79
Q

Where does fermentation take place

A

In the cytoplasm

80
Q

Is the process of fermentation the same in animal and plant and yeast cells

A

No it’s different

81
Q

How many molecules of ATP does fermentation produce

A

2

82
Q

What is step one of aerobic respiration

A

Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate releasing 2 molecules of ATP

83
Q

What is step 2 of aerobic respiration

A

Each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water this releases enough energy to yield a large number of ATP

84
Q

What is step one of fermentation in animal cells

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP

85
Q

What is step 2 of fermentation in animal cells

A

The pyruvate is converted into lactate

86
Q

What is step 1 of fermentation in plants and yeast cells

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP

87
Q
A

Nat 5 Biology Rosa (2 decks)

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