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D&D > Unit 3 Lectures > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the top problem associated with disability-adjusted life years?

A

dermatitis

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2
Q

What is the correct order of the following layers of epidermis?
stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum corenum, stratum basalis

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basalis

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3
Q

The stratum spinosum contains adhesion complexes called ___________

A

desmosomes

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4
Q

Name some functions of the skin (7)

A
  • decoration/beauty
  • barrier (physical, light, immunologic)
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • water homeostasis
  • thermoregulation
  • insulation/calorie reservoir
  • touch/sensation
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5
Q

(Eumelanin/pheomelanin) is not as effective at blocking UV ligth

A

pheomlanin

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6
Q

In lighter skin, melanocytes are (smaller/larger) and distributed (in clusters/individually) throughout the (cytoplasm/nucleus)

A

smaller, clusters, nucleus

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7
Q

___________ is an autoimmune disorder against the melanocyte

A

vitiligo

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8
Q

T/F: There is no genetic defect in tyrosinase in vitiligo

A

true

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9
Q

Vitamin D is taken up through the diet and converted to _________ in the __________

A

calcidiol, liver

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10
Q

Vitamin D gets converted from calcidiol to _________ in the _________

A

calcitriol (active form), kidneys

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11
Q

Hemidesmosomes are the attachment point of the ___________ to ___________

A

basal cells, basal lamina of the dermal-epidermal junction

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12
Q

Bullous pemphigoid is caused by….

A

autoantibodies to BP180 or BP230, leads to sub epidermal blisters (hemidesmosomes not attaching dermis to epidermis)

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13
Q

Bullous pemphigoid is (acquired/inherited)

A

acquired

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14
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa is an (acquired/inherited) blistering disorder due to a lack of ___________

A

inherited

  • simplex: keratin 5 or 14
  • junctional: collagen XVII or laminin 5
  • dystrophic: collagen VII
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15
Q

Desmosomes attach _________ to ____________

A

keratinocytes to each other

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16
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris is due to acquired antibodies to _____________, leading to flaccid bulla

A

desmosomes (desmoglein 1, 3)

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17
Q

Cells in what epidermal layer start to lose their nuclei?

A

stratum granulosum

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18
Q

Keratohyalin granules contain ____________ that cross-links keratin

A

filaggrin

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19
Q

Breakdown of filaggrin forms ___________________

A

natural moisturizing factor

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20
Q

Loss of function filaggrin mutations lead to ____________ and ___________, which result in decreased NMF levels and increased transepidermal water loss

A
  • icthyosis vulgaris

- atopic dermatitis

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21
Q

What is the role of Langerhans cells?

A

participate in cell-mediated immunity as APCs

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22
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum present?

A

thick skin (between stratum corner and stratum granulosum), reduces friction

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23
Q

patch

A
  • flat area of color change

- bigger than 1cm

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24
Q

papule

A
  • discrete, solid elevated body

- less than 1cm

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25
Q

plaque

A
  • solid, flat-topped elevated area of skin

- greater than 1cm

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26
Q

nodule

A
  • firm, well-defined lesion

- greater than 1cm (bigger papule)

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27
Q

vesicle

A
  • fluid-filled cavity or elevation within/below epidermis

- less than 1cm

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28
Q

bulla

A

-fluid-filled vesicle greater than 1cm

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29
Q

pustule

A
  • circumscribed elevation with pus

- less than 1cm

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30
Q

telangiectasia

A

-visible, persistant dilation of small, superficial cutaneous blood vessels

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31
Q

Petechiae are (blanching/non-blancing) pinpoint spots due to ____________

A

non-blancing, tiny hemorrhages

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32
Q

The dermis provides the major ___________ of the skin

A

tensile strength

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33
Q

What is the pattern of collagen?

A

Gly-X-Y
X = proline
Y = hydroxyproline

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34
Q

What collagen type is a large part of the fetal dermis?

A

Collagen type III

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35
Q

Procollagen is synthesized within __________ and excreted extracellularly

A

fibroblasts

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36
Q

Procollagen is cleaved enzymatically into ___________

A

tropocollagen

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37
Q

Cross-linking of tropocollagen depends on __________

A

vitamin C

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38
Q

What are some key findings of scurvy?

A
  • keratotic plugging of hairs
  • corkscrew hairs
  • perifollicular hemorrhage
  • hemorrhagic gingivitis
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39
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an (acquired/inherited) disorder of erroneous ___________ synthesis

A

inherited, collagen

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40
Q

What is a histologic clue for diagnosis of solar elastosis?

A

basophilic (blue) material within superficial dermis

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41
Q

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is caused by a defect in the ______ gene and results in…

A

MDR gene; calcified, brittle elastic fibers

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42
Q

Ground substance is “glued together” with __________

A

fibronectin

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43
Q

Vasculitis is caused by….

A

inflammation of capillaries and venules

44
Q

Type A nerve fibers are (myelinated/unmyelinated) and conduct _______________ sensations

A

myelinated

  • alpha: proprioception
  • beta: touch
  • gamma: stretch receptors
  • delta: pain initation
45
Q

Type B nerve fibers are (myelinated/unmyelinated) and conduct _______________ sensations

A

unmyelinated

-diffuse, dull (temperature, itching)

46
Q

Finasteride inhibits _____________ to prevent androgenic hair loss

A

5-alpha-reductase

47
Q

Eccrine glands are vital to _______________

A

thermoregulation

48
Q

Miliaria is an (acquired/inherited) disorder of ___________ function

A

acquired, eccrine

-tube carrying sweat ruptures

49
Q

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia involves a mutation in the ____ gene, leading to aberrant _________ development and (increased/decreased) sweating

A

EDA, eccrine, decreased

50
Q

Sebaceous glands produce _____________ secretions

A

holocrine

51
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is associated with _____________ (neurological disorder)

A

Parkinson’s

52
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is most often associated with…

A

diabetes mellitus (obesity, endocrinopathies, etc.)

53
Q

What are some symptoms of ineffective endocarditis?

A
  • splinter hemorrhage in nails
  • janeway lesions (bruise-like, not painful)
  • Osler nodes (inflamed blood vessels, painful)
  • Roth spots (retinal hemorrhage)
54
Q

Skin tightening around the mouth (“lost smile”) is associated with….

A

systemic scleroderma

55
Q

What immune findings are associated with systemic scleroderma?

A
  • anticentromere antibody

- anti-scl70 (systemic)

56
Q

An itchy rash, mouth sores, and being Dutch are associated with ___________

A

lichen planus

57
Q

Prevalence of _____________ is 2-13.5 fold higher in patients with lichen planus than controls

A

hepatitis C

58
Q

A middle-aged African American woman has a chest x-ray with bilateral lymphadenopathy. What is a likely diagnosis?

A

sarcoidosis

59
Q

Porhyria cutanea tarda is caused by a deficiency in uroporhyrinogen decarboxylase and associated with __________

A

hepatitis

60
Q

Porhyria cutanea tarda is treated with _____________

A

phlebotomy

61
Q

50-70% of patients with __________ have an underlying associated condition

A

expanding ulcers

62
Q

Surgery and debridement should be avoided for __________. Instead, most respond to __________

A

expanding ulcers; IVIg

63
Q

What are skin symptoms of lupus?

A

malar rash, discoid rash, oral ulcers, photosensitivity

64
Q

Where is stasis dermatitis often seen?

A

lower extremity (due to venous insufficiency)

65
Q

How does the morphology of dermatitis and cellulitis differ?

A

dermatitis: erythematous papules, thin plaques with scale
cellulitis: warm, tender erythematous patches or plaques

66
Q

What is the location of inflammation for dermatitis?

A

epidermis, dermis

67
Q

What is the location of inflammation for cellulitis?

A

dermis, subcutaneous tissue

68
Q

Bilateral lower extremity edema and rash is associated with __________ and unilateral rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor are associated with ___________

A

stasis dermatitis, cellulitis

69
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis?

A

itchy skin + (2)…

  • history of involvement of skin creases
  • onset under age 2
  • personal history asthma or hay fever
  • history dry skin
  • flexural eczema
70
Q

Ichthyosis vulgaris involves a problem with _________ and is present in 70% of people with atopic dermatitis

A

filaggrin

71
Q

T/F: Irritant-contact dermatitis is an immunologically-mediated reaction resulting from a direct cytotoxic effect

A

false (not immunologically-mediated)

72
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type IV, _______________ reaction

A

delayed-type hypersensitivity

73
Q

In allergic contact dermatitis, ___________ cells present allergen to T cells and _________ produce the ACD response

A

langerhans, IL-1 and TNFalpha (inflammatory cytokines)

74
Q

Drug eruptions are usually type IV _____________

A

cell-mediated hypersensitivity

75
Q

Urticaria is characterized by _________ and _________

A

hives, wheals

76
Q

Urticaria is a type ___ hypersensitivity reaction and is mediated by ___ antibodies

A

I (immediate), IgE

77
Q

The largest cause (72%) of chronic urticaria is _________

A

idopathic/autoimmune

78
Q

Nummular dermatitis is caused by ____________ and most often occurs on the _______

A

excess use of soap + dry skin, legs

79
Q

Cradle cap is an example of ______________

A

seborrheic dermatitis

80
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in areas rich in _________ glands

A

sebaceous (scalp, face, ears, chest)

81
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is caused by an overproduction of skin oil and an irritation from yeast called ______________

A

malassezia furfur

82
Q

Psoriasis histology shows a hyperproliferation of the ___________

A

epidermis

83
Q

Guttate is a subtype of ________ that is associated with _________

A

psoriasis, strep throat

84
Q

What are some comorbidities of psoriasis?

A

insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, CVD

85
Q

Where is seborrheic dermatitis most commonly found?

A

scalp

86
Q

Where is psoriasis most commonly found?

A

extensors

87
Q

Atopic dermatitis is associated with __________ and _________

A

allergic rhinitis, asthma

88
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are found in the __________ dermis

A

reticular

89
Q

Another word for acrochordon is…

A

skin tag

90
Q

Dermatofibromas are found mostly on the _________

A

legs (papules, fibroblasts)

91
Q

A rapid increase in size or number of seborrheic keratoses is a sign of _____________

A

Leser-Trelat

92
Q

Cherry angiomas and hemangiomas are __________ tumors

A

vascular

93
Q

What skin tumors have malignant potential? (4)

A
  • seborrheic keratosis
  • dysplastic nevi
  • familial atypical mole and melanoma syndrome
  • congenital nevi (rare)
94
Q

Glucose is the preferred food source for ___________

A

candidiasis

95
Q

Gram _________ bacteria stains violet due to layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

positive

96
Q

Dermatophytes are fungi that “eat” ____________

A

keratin

97
Q

Match…
epidermophyton most common in US
microsporum “socks and jocks”
trichophyton tinea carpers from a cat

A

epidermophyton - “socks and jocks”
microsporum - tinea carpers from a cat
trichophyton - most common in US

98
Q

Is miliaria inherited or acquired?

A

acquired

99
Q

_______________ involves a mutation in the EDA gene

A

anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

100
Q

acanthosis nigricans involves a proliferation of ____________

A

epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts

101
Q

nummular dermatitis occurs because _________ production decreases as you age

A

filaggrin

102
Q

Infantile hemangioma can be treated with _________________

A

beta blockers

103
Q

Keratoacanthoma is a type of _______

A

SCC

104
Q

SCC in situ (Bowen’s disease) is induced by _______

A

HPV

105
Q

_________ and __________ are found in the stratum spinosum

A

keratinocytes, Langerhans cells

D&D (3 decks)

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