Unit 2 Lectures Flashcards
What are the four cellular adaptations to stress?
- hypertrophy (increased size of cells)
- hyperplasia (increased number of cells)
- atrophy (decreased size and functional capacity)
- metaplasia (one cell type replaced by another)
What is the mechanism of atrophy?
decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation (ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)
What are the two types of reversible cell injury?
- swelling: failure of energy-dependent ion pumps
- fatty changes: accumulation of lipid vacuoles due to increased synthesis of fatty acids
Accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes is a sign of (reversible/irreversible) injury and is (specific/non-specific)
reversible, non-specific
intracellular changes associated with reversible cell injury
- plasma membrane alterations
- mitochondrial changes
- dilation of ER with detachment of ribosomes
- chromatin clumping
What are two types of irreversible cell injury?
- apoptosis
- necrosis
During irreversible cell injury, there are increased ____________ and decreased ___________ in the cytoplasm (cell types)
eosinophilia, basophils
pyknosis
- nuclear shrinkage (DNA condenses)
- increased basophilia
karyorrhexis
pyknotic nucleus fragments
karyolysis
dissolution of nucleus (basophils fade, breakdown of denatured chromatin)
In an H&E stain, nucleic acids stain _________ using a ______ dye and ____________ stain _________
- blue, basic (nucleic acids are acidic)
- eosinophils, pink (eosinophils are basic)
coagulative necrosis
- tissue architecture preserved for several days (due to structural damage)
- tissue appears pale
___________ necrosis is typically seen in hearts following MI (characteristic of infarcts)
coagulative
Bacterial infections and hypoxia in the CNS often lead to ____________
liquefactive necrosis
In liquefactive necrosis, microbes (bacterial, fungal) stimulate the accumulation of __________ cells and ___________ digest the tissue
inflammatory, leukocyte enzymes
What type of necrosis is characteristic of TB?
caseous
_____________ is characteristic of caseous necrosis
granulomatous inflammation
What is a histiocyte?
a macrophage (giant cell with lots of nuclei)
Fat necrosis is typically seen following what events?
acute pancreatitis, trauma
____________ is an immune reaction in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries
fibrinoid necrosis
What type of necrosis is seen in vasculitis?
fibrinoid
If you disrupt the Ca2+ gradient, you get a(n) (influx/efflux) of Ca2+, leading to ____________
influx, decreased ATP (nuclear damage)
What are the two major pathways for cell injury by free radicals?
- redox reactions during mitochondrial respiration (normal)
- phagocytic leukocytes
What can assist with removal of ROS? (3)
- SOD
- glutathione peroxidase
- catalase