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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 criteria used to name muscles?

A

Direction of muscle fibers
Relative Size
Location
Number of Origins
Location of Origin and Insertion
Shape
Action

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2
Q

What are the individual contractile units of a muscle cell called?

A

sarcomeres

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3
Q

If we stimulate a muscle, and then stimulate it again immediately after it has been allowed to relax, we observe that the second contraction of the muscle is slightly greater than the first. What do we call this phenomenon?

A

Treppe

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4
Q

What type of force is produced by the elastic recoil of a stretched muscle?

A

Passive

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5
Q

The three phases of a muscle twitch are the latent period, relaxation period, and the:

A

contraction period

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6
Q

A single contraction of a muscle is called a:

A

twitch

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter do motor neurons use to stimulate muscle cells?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

From what cellular organelle is calcium released during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

If we increase the frequency of stimulation of a muscle until we achieve a steady sustained contraction, we will have caused what phenomenon?

A

Tetanus
Tetany

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10
Q

If we place a muscle under a load that it can lift and stimulate it, what type of contraction will we produce?

A

Isotonic

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11
Q

The three phases of a muscle twitch are the contraction period, the relaxation period, and the:

A

latent period

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12
Q

A neuron and all of the muscle cells that it stimulates are together called a:

A

motor unit

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13
Q

If a muscle contracts against a load that it is able to lift, what type of contraction is the muscle demonstrating?

A

Isotonic

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14
Q

If we require a muscle to contract until it starts to run out of ATP, what do we call the state of the muscle at that point?

A

Fatigue

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15
Q

If a muscle contracts against a load that is too heavy for the muscle to lift, what type of contraction is the muscle demonstrating?

A

isometric

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16
Q

The absence of what molecule is involved in the phenomenon of rigor mortis?

A

ATP

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17
Q

What experimental factor do we increase to produce tetany rather than simple wave summation?

A

Frequency of stimulation

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18
Q

By steadily increasing the number of motor units that are activated, we produce a steady increase in the force produced by a muscle. This process is called:

A

recruitment

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19
Q

What phenomenon is considered an extreme form of wave summation in which a steady, sustained contraction is achieved?

A

Tetanus
Tetany

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20
Q

What protein is the thick filament region made of?

A

Myosin

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21
Q

What protein is the thin filament region made of?

A

Actin

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22
Q

If we place a muscle under more load than it can lift and stimulate it, what type of contraction will we produce?

A

isometric

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23
Q

Bundles of protein filaments within a muscle cell are arranged into structures called:

A

Myofibrils

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24
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called:

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

The dark segments of the striations of a skeletal muscle cell are called:

A

A-bands

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26
Q

What do we call muscles that aid the action of other muscles by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement?

A

Synergists

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27
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Location of origin and insertion

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28
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Location of origin and insertion

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29
Q

Although no force is generated by a muscle fiber during the latent period, chemical changes, such as the release of ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum do occur. Which ion is released?

A

calcium

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30
Q

What type of force is produced by the physiological contraction of a muscle rather than by elastic recoil?

A

active

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31
Q

Name one action of the trapezius muscle?

A

elevation of the scapula

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32
Q

Name one action of the tibialis anterior muscle

A

dorsiflexion of the foot at the tarsal joints

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33
Q

Name on action of the gracilis muscle

A

Adduction of thigh at the hip

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34
Q

Name on action of the buccinator muscle

A

Compresses the cheeks

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35
Q

Name on insertion of the rectus absominis muscle

A

Xiphoid process of the sternum

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36
Q

Name one insertion of the semitendinosus muscle

A

Medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

37
Q

Name one insertion of the platysma muscle

A

Lower margin of the mandible

38
Q

Name one insertion of the vastuc medialis muscle

A

Tibial tuberosity

39
Q

Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

Frontal bone

40
Q

Name one origin of the flexor carpi radialis muscle

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

41
Q

Name one origin of the zygomaticus minor muscle

A

Zygomatic bone

42
Q

Name one origin of the brachialis muscle

A

Distal portion of the anterior humerus

43
Q

A flat, sheet-like bundle of connective tissue that connects a muscle to another muscle or to a bone is called:

A

aponeurosis

44
Q

Define “origin” as it applies to skeletal muscles

A

Immovable site of attachement

45
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the adductor magnus muscle

A

Action and relative size

46
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the deltoid muscle

A

Shape

47
Q

Name one action of the brachialis muscle

A

Flexion of the forearm at the elbow

48
Q

Name one action of the triceps brachii muscle

A

Extension of the forearm at the elbow

49
Q

Name one action of the deltoid muscle

A

Abduction of the arm at the shoulder

50
Q

Name one action of the semimembanosus muscle

A

Extension of the thigh at the hip

51
Q

Name one insertion of the pectoralis major muscle

A

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

52
Q

Name one insertion of the tibialis anterior muscle

A

Medial cuneiform bone

53
Q

Name one insertion of the masseter muscle

A

Angle and ramus of the mandible

54
Q

Name one origin of the gastrocnemius muscle

A

Medial and lateral condyles of the femur

55
Q

Name one origin of the rectus abdominis muscle

A

Pubic crest and symphysis

56
Q

Name one origin of the supraspinatus muscle

A

supraspinous fossa of scapula

57
Q

Name one origin of the zygomaticus major muscle

A

Zygomatic bone

58
Q

Name one action of the zygomaticus minor muscle

A

elevation of the lateral corners of the mouth

59
Q

Name one insertion of the zygomaticus minor muscle

A

skin and muscle at the corner of the mouth

60
Q

Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

frontal bone

61
Q

Name on insertion of the triceps brachii muscle

A

olecranon of ulna

62
Q

Name one origin of the tibialis anterior muscle

A

lateral condyle of the tibia

63
Q

Name one action of the external oblique muscle

A

flexion and rotation of vertebral column

64
Q

Name one insertion of the buccinator muscle

A

orbicularis oris muscle

65
Q

Name one origin of the brachialis muscle

A

distal portion of the anterior humerus

66
Q

name one action of the deltoid muscle

A

abduction of the arm at the shoulder

67
Q

name one insertion of the platysma muscle

A

lower margin of the mandible

68
Q

Name one origin of the vastus medialis muscle

A

linea aspera of the femur

69
Q

Name one action of the vastus medialis muscle

A

extension of the lower leg at the knee

70
Q

Name one insertion of the biceps brachii muscle

A

Radial tuberosity

71
Q

Name one origin of the infraspinatus muscle

A

Infraspinous fossa of the scapula

72
Q

Name one insertion of the supraspinatus muscle

A

greater tubercle of the humerus

73
Q

Name one action of the semitendinosus muscle

A

Extension of the thigh at the hip

74
Q

Name one insertion of the trapezius muscle

A

Acromion and spinous process of the scapula

75
Q

Name one origin of the semitendinosus muscle

A

Ischial tuberosity

76
Q

Name one action of the infraspinatus muscle

A

Lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder

77
Q

Acetylcholine in the axon terminal of a motor neuron is contained within membrane bound structures called

A

Synaptic vesicles

78
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the deltoid muscle?

A

shape

79
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the tibialis anterior muscle

A

location

80
Q

What do we call the period of time between the application of a stimulus to a muscle and the first observable response or movement of the muscle

A

latent period

81
Q

skeletala muscles cells are called:

A

muscle fibers

82
Q

Chains of protein within the muscle cells are called:

A

myofilaments

83
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the brachioradialis muscle?

A

location of origin and insertion

84
Q

the connective tissue sheath that forms around an entire skeletal muscle is called:

A

epimysium

85
Q

A portion of the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle indents into the cytoplasm and surrounds the bundles of muscle filaments. This structure is called:

A

T-tubule

86
Q

The structure formed by two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a transverse tubule is called:

A

triad

87
Q

What do we call muscles that are primarily responsible for producing a specific movement?

A

agonists

88
Q

Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the extensor digitorum muscle?

A

action and location

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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