Unit 3 Lecture Flashcards
What are the 7 criteria used to name muscles?
Direction of muscle fibers
Relative Size
Location
Number of Origins
Location of Origin and Insertion
Shape
Action
What are the individual contractile units of a muscle cell called?
sarcomeres
If we stimulate a muscle, and then stimulate it again immediately after it has been allowed to relax, we observe that the second contraction of the muscle is slightly greater than the first. What do we call this phenomenon?
Treppe
What type of force is produced by the elastic recoil of a stretched muscle?
Passive
The three phases of a muscle twitch are the latent period, relaxation period, and the:
contraction period
A single contraction of a muscle is called a:
twitch
What neurotransmitter do motor neurons use to stimulate muscle cells?
Acetylcholine
From what cellular organelle is calcium released during the latent period of a muscle twitch?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
If we increase the frequency of stimulation of a muscle until we achieve a steady sustained contraction, we will have caused what phenomenon?
Tetanus
Tetany
If we place a muscle under a load that it can lift and stimulate it, what type of contraction will we produce?
Isotonic
The three phases of a muscle twitch are the contraction period, the relaxation period, and the:
latent period
A neuron and all of the muscle cells that it stimulates are together called a:
motor unit
If a muscle contracts against a load that it is able to lift, what type of contraction is the muscle demonstrating?
Isotonic
If we require a muscle to contract until it starts to run out of ATP, what do we call the state of the muscle at that point?
Fatigue
If a muscle contracts against a load that is too heavy for the muscle to lift, what type of contraction is the muscle demonstrating?
isometric
The absence of what molecule is involved in the phenomenon of rigor mortis?
ATP
What experimental factor do we increase to produce tetany rather than simple wave summation?
Frequency of stimulation
By steadily increasing the number of motor units that are activated, we produce a steady increase in the force produced by a muscle. This process is called:
recruitment
What phenomenon is considered an extreme form of wave summation in which a steady, sustained contraction is achieved?
Tetanus
Tetany
What protein is the thick filament region made of?
Myosin
What protein is the thin filament region made of?
Actin
If we place a muscle under more load than it can lift and stimulate it, what type of contraction will we produce?
isometric
Bundles of protein filaments within a muscle cell are arranged into structures called:
Myofibrils
The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called:
Sacroplasmic reticulum
The dark segments of the striations of a skeletal muscle cell are called:
A-bands
What do we call muscles that aid the action of other muscles by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement?
Synergists
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the brachioradialis muscle?
Location of origin and insertion
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Location of origin and insertion
Although no force is generated by a muscle fiber during the latent period, chemical changes, such as the release of ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum do occur. Which ion is released?
calcium
What type of force is produced by the physiological contraction of a muscle rather than by elastic recoil?
active
Name one action of the trapezius muscle?
elevation of the scapula
Name one action of the tibialis anterior muscle
dorsiflexion of the foot at the tarsal joints
Name on action of the gracilis muscle
Adduction of thigh at the hip
Name on action of the buccinator muscle
Compresses the cheeks
Name on insertion of the rectus absominis muscle
Xiphoid process of the sternum
Name one insertion of the semitendinosus muscle
Medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
Name one insertion of the platysma muscle
Lower margin of the mandible
Name one insertion of the vastuc medialis muscle
Tibial tuberosity
Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle
Frontal bone
Name one origin of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
medial epicondyle of the humerus
Name one origin of the zygomaticus minor muscle
Zygomatic bone
Name one origin of the brachialis muscle
Distal portion of the anterior humerus
A flat, sheet-like bundle of connective tissue that connects a muscle to another muscle or to a bone is called:
aponeurosis
Define “origin” as it applies to skeletal muscles
Immovable site of attachement
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the adductor magnus muscle
Action and relative size
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the deltoid muscle
Shape
Name one action of the brachialis muscle
Flexion of the forearm at the elbow
Name one action of the triceps brachii muscle
Extension of the forearm at the elbow
Name one action of the deltoid muscle
Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
Name one action of the semimembanosus muscle
Extension of the thigh at the hip
Name one insertion of the pectoralis major muscle
Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Name one insertion of the tibialis anterior muscle
Medial cuneiform bone
Name one insertion of the masseter muscle
Angle and ramus of the mandible
Name one origin of the gastrocnemius muscle
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Name one origin of the rectus abdominis muscle
Pubic crest and symphysis
Name one origin of the supraspinatus muscle
supraspinous fossa of scapula
Name one origin of the zygomaticus major muscle
Zygomatic bone
Name one action of the zygomaticus minor muscle
elevation of the lateral corners of the mouth
Name one insertion of the zygomaticus minor muscle
skin and muscle at the corner of the mouth
Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle
frontal bone
Name on insertion of the triceps brachii muscle
olecranon of ulna
Name one origin of the tibialis anterior muscle
lateral condyle of the tibia
Name one action of the external oblique muscle
flexion and rotation of vertebral column
Name one insertion of the buccinator muscle
orbicularis oris muscle
Name one origin of the brachialis muscle
distal portion of the anterior humerus
name one action of the deltoid muscle
abduction of the arm at the shoulder
name one insertion of the platysma muscle
lower margin of the mandible
Name one origin of the vastus medialis muscle
linea aspera of the femur
Name one action of the vastus medialis muscle
extension of the lower leg at the knee
Name one insertion of the biceps brachii muscle
Radial tuberosity
Name one origin of the infraspinatus muscle
Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Name one insertion of the supraspinatus muscle
greater tubercle of the humerus
Name one action of the semitendinosus muscle
Extension of the thigh at the hip
Name one insertion of the trapezius muscle
Acromion and spinous process of the scapula
Name one origin of the semitendinosus muscle
Ischial tuberosity
Name one action of the infraspinatus muscle
Lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder
Acetylcholine in the axon terminal of a motor neuron is contained within membrane bound structures called
Synaptic vesicles
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the deltoid muscle?
shape
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the tibialis anterior muscle
location
What do we call the period of time between the application of a stimulus to a muscle and the first observable response or movement of the muscle
latent period
skeletala muscles cells are called:
muscle fibers
Chains of protein within the muscle cells are called:
myofilaments
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the brachioradialis muscle?
location of origin and insertion
the connective tissue sheath that forms around an entire skeletal muscle is called:
epimysium
A portion of the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle indents into the cytoplasm and surrounds the bundles of muscle filaments. This structure is called:
T-tubule
The structure formed by two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a transverse tubule is called:
triad
What do we call muscles that are primarily responsible for producing a specific movement?
agonists
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the extensor digitorum muscle?
action and location
