Unit 1 Lab Flashcards
Plane that divides body into right and left portions?
Sagittal (or lateral)
Plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions?
Transverse (or horizontal)
Plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions?
Coronal (or frontal)
Plane that divides the body into unequal portions of left and right?
parasagittal
Plane that divides the body into equal portions of left and right?
midsagittal
Imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing into right and left halves
Midline
Directional term used to refer to closer to head
superior (cranial)
Directional term used to refer to something closer to feet
inferior (caudal)
Directional term used to refer to something towards the front
anterior (ventral)
Directional term used to refer to something closer to the back
posterior (dorsal)
Directional term used to refer to something closer to the midline of the body
Medial
Directional term used to refer to something further from the midline
lateral
Directional term used to refer to something closer to the trunk or point of origin
Proximal
Directional term used to refer to something further away from the trunk or point of origin
Distal
Body cavity containing just the spine
spinal cavity
Body cavity containing the brain and spine
Dorsal cavity
Body cavity containing heart, lungs, trachea, and esophagus
Thoracic cavity
What membrane lines most of the organs within the abdominal cavity?
visceral peritoneum
Directional term used to refer to something near the surface
Superficial
Directional term used to refer to something further away from the surface
deep
What is the name of the membrane lining the organ within the pleural cavity?
visceral pleura
What is the name of the membrane lining the walls of the pleural cavity?
parietal pleura
What is the name of the membrane lining the walls of the pericardial cavity?
parietal pericardium
Body cavity containing most of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and adrenal glands
Abdominal cavity
Body cavity containing urogenital system and the rectum
Pelvic cavity
Body cavity that contains the brain
Cranial cavity
Body cavity containing heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder
Ventral
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial and spinal
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
The medical term for forehead is
frontal
The medical term for the skull is
cranial (cranium)
The medical term for the face is
facies (facial)
The medical term for the nose is
Nasus (nasal)
The medical term for the eye is
Oculus (orbital or ocular)
The medical term for the cheek is
Bucca (buccal)
The medical term for the ear is
otic
The medical term for the neck is
Cervicis (cervical)
The medical term for the mouth is
Oris (oral)
The medical term for the chin is
Mentin (mental)
The medical term for the armpit is
Axilla (axillary)
The medical term for the upper arm is
brachium (brachial)
The medical term for the front of the elbow is
Antecubitis (antecubital)
The medical term for the forearm is
antebrachium (antebrachial)
The medical term for the wrist is
carpus (carpal)
The medical term for the thumb is
pollex
The medical term for the palm is
palma (palmar)
The medical term for the fingers is
digits (phalanges)
The medical term for the chest is
thoric or thorax (thoracic)
The medical term for the breast is
mamma (mammary)
The medical term for the stomach is
abdomen (abdominal)
The medical term for the navel is
umbilicus (umbilical)
The medical term for the hip is
coxal
The medical term for the pelvis is
pelvic
The medical term for the groin is
inguen (inguinal)
The medical term for the pubis is
pubic
The medical term for the thigh is
femur (femoral)
The medical term for the kneecap is
patella (patellar)
The medical term for the shin/lower leg is
crus (crural)
The medical term for the ankle is
Tarsus (tarsal)
The medical term for the toes is
digits (phalanges)
The medical term for the foot is
pedal
The medical term for the head is
cephalon (cephalic)
The medical term for the shoulder is
acromial
The medical term for the back is
dorsum (dorsal)
The medical term for the back of the elbow is
olecranon (olecranal)
The medical term for the loin is
lumbus (lumbar)
The medical term for the sacrum is
sacral
The medical term for the hand is
manus (manual)
The medical term for the butt is
gluteus (gluteal)
The medical term for the back of the knee is
popliteus (popliteal)
The medical term for the calf is
sura (sural)
The medical term for heel of the foot is
calcaneus (calacaneal)
The medical term for sole of the foot is
planta (plantar)
The study of tissues is known as
histology
what are the 4 primary types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous
What type of primary tissue is defined as “sheets of cells that line body surfaces, either external or internal”?
Epithelial tissue
What type of primary tissue is defined as “support tissues where a specific cell type is embedded within a non-living (acellular) matrix”?
Connective tissue
What type of primary tissue is defined as “excitable tissues that are capable of contraction”?
Muscular tissue
What type of primary tissue is defined as “excitable tissues that are capable of transferring and integrating signals from one part of the body to another”?
Nervous tissue
What characteristics define epithelial tissue?
Number of layers and individual cell shape
Where are some places simple squamous epithelium can be found?
Surfaces where diffusion is important
Ex. Kidney glomeruli, alveoli of lungs, endothelial lining of blood vessels and heart, and serosae
Where are some places simple cuboidal epithelium can be found?
Surfaces were absorption and secretion are necessary
Ex. Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surfaces
Where are some places simple columnar epithelium can be found?
Surfaces where absorption and extensive secretion are necessary
Ex. Digestive tract, gall bladder, ducts of some glands, small bronchi, uterine tubes
What cells secret mucus through vesicles and are found in columnar cells?
Goblet cells
Where is stratified epithelial tissue likely to be found?
Where underlying tissues must be protected
What is the matrix of connective tissues made of?
Ground substance and fibers
What is ground substance made of?
interstitial fluid and globular proteins
What are the three types of fibers?
Collagen, elastin, and reticulin
What is the most abundant connective tissue fiber?
Collagen
What fiber protein has the appearance of long, unbranched strands?
Collagen
What fiber protein has the appearance of long, moderately branched strands?
Elastin
What type of fiber protein is found in tissues that must deform, but must also resume their resting shape once force is removed?
Elastin
What type of fiber protein is found in tissues that bend readily when deformed perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule?
Collagen
What type of fiber protien is found in tissues where a network of overlapping fibers is necessary?
Reticulin
What fiber protein has the appearance of fine, heavily-branched strands?
Reticulin
What fiber protein creates a sieve-like net structure to trap debris or to support other tissues where strength is unecessary?
Reticulin
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
What characteristics can be used to classify connective tissue?
Arrangement of protein fibers
Cell type
Matrix composition
Protein fiber type
What tissues are classified as loose connective?
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue
What tissues are classified as dense connective?
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
What connective tissue has a loose arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like matrix dominated by fibroblasts?
Areolar connective tissue
What connective tissue has a matrix similar to sarse areolar, dominated by adipocytes (fat cells)?
Adipose connective tissue
What connective tissue has loose reticulin fibers dominated by lymphocytes?
Reticular connective tissue
What connective tissue is densely packed with parallel bundles of collagen, dominated by fibroblasts?
Dense regular connective tissue
What connective tissue is irregularly arranged with bundles of collagen, and is populated primarrily by fibroblasts?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What connective tissue is densely packed, with a large amount of elastin fibers and dominated by fibroblasts?
Elastic connective tissue
What tissue is composed of a firm substance that is largely avascular and without nerves?
Cartilage
What type of tissue is dominated by chondrocytes which lie in cavities called lacunae?
Cartilage
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
What connective tissue is made of hard, calcified matrix built upon dense, parallel bundles of collagen fibers and is populated primarily by osteocytes?
Bone
What connective tissue has a liquid matrix, with few protein fibers under normal conditions?
Blood
What connective tissue is dominated by erythrocytes and leucocytes?
Blood
What connective tissue has a gel-like ground substance and fibers, dominated by mesenchymal cells?
Mesenchyme
What are two important properties about muscular tissue?
It is both excitable and contractile
What is nervous tissue made of?
Neurons and neuroglial cells
What muscle tissue is short, with spindle-shaped cells, and non-striated in appearance?
Smooth muscle tissue
What muscle tissue is both neurogenic and myogenic contractible?
smooth muscle
What tissue has short, branched cells joined by intercalated discs, striated in appearance?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What muscle tissue is involuntary and myogenic contraction?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What tissue contains long, unbranched multinucleated cells and is striated in appearance?
skeletal muscle tissue
What muscle tissue has voluntary and neurogenic contraction?
skeletal muscle tissue
What does the integument system consist of?
The skin and the accessory structures such as hair, nails, and sweat glands
What type of skin contains hair follicles?
Thin skin
What makes up the hypodermis?
Adipose or areolar connective tissue
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Where do most of the accessory structures lie within the skin?
the dermis
Where are blood vessels and nervous structures located within the skin?
the dermis
What is the most abundant cell type that makes up the epidermis?
keratinocytes
What cell type produces a fibrous, water-resistant protein called keratin, and is linked together by desmosomes into layers
Keratinocytes
What produces the melanin pigment granules and are responsible for the coloration of the skin?
Melanocytes
What cells are macrophages that are involved in immunity?
Langerhans’ cells
What cells are touch receptor cells that reside in the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Merkel cells
What are the four/five layers of the epidermis from top to bottom?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
What layer of the epidermis do Langerhans’ cells reside in?
Stratum spinosum
What layer of the epidermis do Merkel cells reside in?
Stratum Basale
What layer of the epidermis do melanocytes reside in?
Stratum Basale
What layer of the epidermis contains most of the dividing cells?
Stratum Basale
What layer of the epidermis contains a few dividing cells and begin producing intermediate filaments or pre-keratin protein?
Stratum Spinosum
What layer of the epidermis contain cells that are flattened but still living and contain keratin granules?
Stratum Granulosum
What layer of the epidermis contains a thin, translucent layer of dead cells and is only found in thick skin?
Stratum Lucidum
What layer of the epidermis consists of 20 to 30 layers of dead, fully keratinized cells?
Stratum Corneum
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Superficial papillary layer
Deep reticular layer
Which layer of the dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue and forms the dermal papillae?
Superficial papillary layer
Which layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and is the thicker layer of the dermis?
Deeper reticular layer
What dermis layer forms a wavy boundary between the dermis and the stratum basale of the epidermis, containing an abundance of capillaries, along with free nerve ending s and Meissner’s touch corpuscles?
Dermal Papillae
What dermis layer contains many arteries, veins, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follices, and Pacinian touch corpuscles, along with provide structural strength to the integument?
Reticular layer
Where are all accessory structures developed (not reside).
Epidermis
What is the name of the cell that resides within the matrix of bone tissues?
Osteocytes
What is the name of the cell that resides within the matrix of cartilage tissues?
Chondrocytes
What are the cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells called?
intercalated discs
What structure produces a shaft of keratinized cells that extend from the surface of the skin?
hair follice
What body part are keratinized derivatives of the epidermis?
Nails
What is the name of the nail matrix that is visible beneath the body of the nail?
Lunule
What is the name of the portion of the hair enclosed by the follicle?
Hair root
What is the name of the portion of hair that extends from the surface of the epidermis?
Shaft
What is the inner most layer of a hair shaft?
Hair bulb
What portion of the hair is dermal tissue that extends into the base of the hair root and provides nutrition to the hair matrix?
hair papilla
Which part of the hair is a region of dividing cells that provide new growth?
Hair matrix
Within the matrix, _____ secretes melanin granules into the cortex of the hair and determines its color
Melanocytes
What parts form the shaft once the hair emerges?
Cortex
Medulla
Cuticle
What is the name of the smooth muscle that is attached to the hair follicle and is responsible for raising the hair?
Arrector Pili
What cytoskeletal elements are stable and resist mechanical forces acting on the cell?
intermediate filaments
What membranous vesicles contain acid hydrolases and serve to digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell?
Lysozomes
What are the spaces in which chondrocytes reside called?
Lacunae
What are the primary functional cells of nervous tissue called?
neurons
What structure produces a milky, protein- and lipid-rich secretion and is limited to the axillary and pubic regions?
Apocrine sweat glands
What minute, finger-like projections of the cell membrane serve to increase the surface area of the cell for absorption?
microvilli
What cytoskeletal element is primarily composed of tubulins and helps detemine the shape of the cell?
Microtubule
What is the general term denoting a membrane that lines the organs within certain ventral body cavities?
visceral serosa
The medical term for the back is
vertebral
