Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) Flashcards
What were the major land based empires in the period 1450-1750?
Qing Dynasty Mughal Empire Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Songhai Empire Aztec Empire European kingdoms
How did land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 maintain their power?
Consolidation and Legitimization via: Taxation Culture Military Force Art
How did the Qing Dynasty consolidate their power in the period 1450-1750?
Reviving the Civil Service Exam and centralizing a bureaucracy
How was culture in the Qing Dynasty used to legitimize power in the period 1450-1750?
Art was used to show that the emperor was in charge
The Mandate of Heaven gave emperors the sociocultural right to rule
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
Sovereignty “given” to Chinese emperors by god himself to enact his will on Earth
What taxation system did the Mughals use in the period 1450-1750?
Zamindars
Who were Zamindars?
officials appointed by the Mughal bureaucracy to collect taxes
What was gunpowder used for in land-based empires in the period 1450-1750?
to enforce and legitimize power
What was the religion of the Mughal officials in India in the period 1450-1750?
Islam
What was the importance of emperors of Muslim empires taking up the caliph title?
To show that they were related to Mohammed which legitimized their rule socioculturally
What religion was the dominant religion of India in the period 1450-1750?
Hinduism
What monumental architecture was built in the Mughal empire in the period 1450-1750?
The Taj Mahal by Emperor Shah Jahan
How did the Ottoman Empire consolidate power in the period 1450-1750?
By building an elite military through the devshirme system
What was the devshirme system?
The Ottomans enslaved Christian minorities and forced them into the military and bureaucracy
What was the taxation system of the Ottomans in the period 1450-1750?
Tax farming
What was the tax farming system?
non-governmental people paid to collect taxes for bureaucracy, though the tax farmers also took more for self-gain
What was the military of the Ottomans?
Janisary
Who and what were the Janisaries?
The elite military of the Ottomans which consisted of enslaved Christian minorities who were fiercely loyal to the Sultan
What was the religion of the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750?
Sunni Islam
Who were the Ottomans fighting against for cultural reasons in the period 1450-1750?
the Shia Safavids
What was the Safavid military system in the period 1450-1750?
the Ghulam
What was the Ghulam? Who did they consist of?
The elite military of the Safavids that was loyal to the Shah. They consisted of enslaved minority populations
What was the religion of the Safavid Empire in the period 1450-1750?
Shia Islam
Who were the Safavids fighting against for cultural reasons in the period 1450-1750?
The Sunni Ottomans
How did the Songhai Empire consolidate its power in the period 1450-1750?
Controlling trade
Alliances
Military expansion
Court rituals to show power
What was the religion of the Songhai empire in the period 1450-1750?
Islam
How did the Aztecs consolidate their power in the period 1450-1750?
Tribute system
What was the tribute system?
An Aztec system where the Aztec emperor granted individuals land in exchange for tribute from that land
What did Aztec tribute consist of?
specific goods dependent on the place of land that was owned, and people for human sacrifices
What was the Aztec military system in the period 1450-1750?
Enslaved minorities to form an elite military system via the blood tax
What was the blood tax?
the enslavement of minority individuals to force them into the elite military
What monumental architecture did the Aztecs build in the period 1450-1750?
The pyramids
What was the divine right of kings?
Sovereignty “given” to European kings by god to enact his will on Earth
What was the Protestant reformation?
People challenged the corrupt practices of the Catholic church
What did the Protestant reformation lead to in the period 1450-1750?
A split between the Protestants and Catholics
The Thirty Years War
What was the Thirty Years’ war?
A thirty year-long cultural war between the Protestants and the Catholics
What monumental architecture was built in Europe in the period 1450-1750?
Palace of Versailles
