Unit 3: Key Area 1 - Scientific Principles and Processes Flashcards
Describe the original hypothesis and when its made
The original hypothesis made during step 1 (observation/ question) and can be changed after research
What is a hypothesis
A hypothesis is what the scientist thinks will happen based on previous knowledge
Describe how science is constantly updating
In science, refinement of ideas is the norm, and scientific knowledge can be thought of as the current best explanation, which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence.
Describe a null hypothesis
The null hypothesis proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment
Describe the failure to find an effect of a null hypothesis
Failure to find an effect (a negative result) is a valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed. Conflicting data or conclusions can be resolved through careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation.
When is the null hypothesis rejected
If there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance, then the null hypothesis is rejected
Describe when scientific ideas can become accepted
Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently
Effects must be reproducible; one-off results are treated with caution.
What are common methods of sharing original scientific findings
Common methods of sharing original scientific findings include seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals.
What is peer review and why is it important
Most scientific publications use peer review.
Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
What is a review article
Review articles are also produced which summarise
current knowledge and recent findings in a
particular field
Why is it important to be aware of factors before reporting a scientific issue to the media
Critical evaluation of science coverage in the wider media
Increasing the public understanding of science, and the issue of misrepresentation of science
How to maintain integrity and honesty
How to show integrity and honesty — unbiased presentation of results, citing and providing references, avoiding plagiarism
Why are integrity and honesty important
The results published will have consequences for other people. it will be easier for others to agree with your findings if the information is truthful to the research carried out. Morals lead to unbiased conclusions
In animals what concept is used and why
In animal studies, the concepts of replacement, reduction, and refinement are used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals
How is dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science avoided
Peer reviews and the ability for others to replicate the research will minimise the risks
