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ADVANCED HIGHER BIOLOGY > UNIT 3 - KA2 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - KA2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Validity

A

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

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2
Q

Reliability

A

consistent values in repeats and independent replicates.

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3
Q

Accuracy

A

data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.

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4
Q

Precision

A

measured values are close to each other.

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5
Q

What is a pilot study used for

A

Integral to the development of an investigation, a pilot study is used to help plan procedures, assess validity and check techniques

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6
Q

what are the benefits of a pilot study

A

This allows evaluation and modification of experimental design

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7
Q

What does the use of a pilot study ensure

A

The use of a pilot study can ensure an appropriate range of values for the independent variable

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8
Q

What do pilot study allow the investigator to establish

A

In addition, it allows the investigator to establish the number of repeat measurements required to give a representative value for each independent datum point

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9
Q

What is an independent variable

A

An independent variable is the variable that is changed in a scientific experiment.

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10
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

A dependent variable is the variable being measured in a scientific experiment.

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11
Q

What can independent and dependant variables be

A

Independent and dependent variables can be continuous or discrete

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12
Q

What should be manipulated in experiments

A

Experiments involve the manipulation of the independent variable by the investigator

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13
Q

What is the experimental treatment group compared to

A

The experimental treatment group is compared to a control group

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14
Q

Negative control

A

Provides results in the absence of a treatment

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15
Q

Positive control

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

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16
Q

What does the control of laboratory conditions allow

A

The control of laboratory conditions allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field.

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17
Q

What is a drawback of a simple experiment

A

However, a drawback of a simple experiment is that its findings may not be applicable to a wider setting.

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18
Q

What is a simple experimental design

A

One independent variable

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19
Q

What is a multifactorial experiment

A

More than one independent variable

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20
Q

What does a multifactorial experiment involve

A

A multifactorial experiment involves a combination of more than one independent variable or combination of treatments.

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21
Q

What is the placebo effect

A

Placebo effect is a measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable.

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22
Q

What is in vitro technique

A

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

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23
Q

What are examples of in vitro experiments

A

Examples of in vitro experiments: cells growing in culture medium, proteins in solution, purified organelles.

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24
Q

What is in Vivo

A

In vivo refers to experimentation using a whole living organism

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25
Q

What are advantages of in vitro

A
  • provide data for effects in whole organisms
  • allows study of complex interactions
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26
Q

What are disadvantages of in vitro

A
  • expensive and time consuming
  • ethical and legislative concerns
  • difficult to control confounding variables
  • results difficult to interpret
  • difficult to prove causation
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27
Q

What are advantages of in vivo

A
  • simpler and less expensive
  • easier to control confounding variables
  • interpretation of results is simpler
  • can demonstrate correlation and causation
28
Q

What are disadvantages of in vivo

A
  • difficult to extend
  • result to whole organisms or different species
  • difficult to model complex interactions
29
Q

What happens when it is impractical to measure every individual

A

Where it is impractical to measure every individual, a representative sample of the population is selected

30
Q

What does the extent of natural variation within a population determine

A

The extent of the natural variation within a population determines the appropriate sample size

31
Q

What do more variable populations require

A

More variable populations require a larger sample size

32
Q

What should a representative sample share the same of

A

A representative sample should share the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

33
Q

Why is sample size an important decision

A
  • Sample size is an important decision because it affects your reliability of your results.
34
Q

What are the three different sampling strategies

A
  • random sampling
  • systematic sampling
  • stratified sampling
35
Q

Random sampling

A

In random sampling, members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.

36
Q

Systematic sampling

A

In systematic sampling, members of a population are selected at regular intervals.

37
Q

What is an example of systematic sampling

A

Quadrats used every 1M along a transect or every 5th person samples in a population

38
Q

Stratified sampling

A

In stratified sampling, the population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally.

39
Q

When is stratified sampling used

A

Used when sampling habitats that are not uniform eg within a sample area there may be areas of non uniform areas of grass, bushes small trees etc

40
Q

What is variation in experimental results due to

A

Variation in experimental results may be due to the reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens

41
Q

What is the reliability of measuring instruments or procedures determined by

A

The reliability of measuring instruments or procedures can be determined by repeated measurements or readings of an individual datum point.

42
Q

What does the variation observed in repeated measurements indicate

A

The variation observed indicates the precision of the measurement instrument or procedure but not necessarily its accuracy.

43
Q

How can the natural variation in biological material being used be determined

A

The natural variation in the biological material being used can be determined by measuring a sample of individuals from the population

44
Q

What does the mean of the repeated measurements give an indication of

A

The mean of these repeated measurements will give an indication of the true value being measured

45
Q

What is the range of values a measure of

A

The range of values is a measure of the extent of variation in the results

46
Q

What happens if there is a narrow range

A

If there is a narrow range then the variation is low

47
Q

Why should Independent replication be carried out

A

Independent replication should be carried out to produce independent data sets

48
Q

When only can results be considered reliable

A

Overall results can only be considered reliable if they can be achieved consistently. The independent data sets should be compared to determine the reliability of the results

49
Q

What do discrete and continuous variables give rise to

A

Discrete and continuous variables give rise to qualitative, quantitative, or ranked data

50
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Qualitative data is subjective and descriptive.

51
Q

How can quantitative data be measured

A

Quantitative data can be measured objectively, usually with a numerical value.

52
Q

What is ranked data

A

Ranked data refers to the data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted from lowest to highest.

53
Q

What happens to the independent variable in observational studies

A

In observational studies the independent variable is not directly controlled by the
investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons

54
Q

What are observational studies good and less useful for

A

Observational studies are good at detecting correlation, but since they do not directly test a hypothesis, they are less useful for determining causation

55
Q

Can other variables besides the independent variable affect the dependant variable?

A

Due to the complexities of biological systems, other variables besides the independent
variable may affect the dependent variable

56
Q

Why should confounding variables be controlled

A

These confounding variables must be held constant if possible, or at least monitored so
that their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis

57
Q

What can be used in cases where confounding variables cannot be easily controlled

A

In cases where confounding variables cannot easily be controlled, a randomised block
design could be used

58
Q

How can randomised blocks of treatment and control groups be distributed

A

Randomised blocks of treatment and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the treatment and control groups.

59
Q

What does the type of variable being investigate have consequences for

A

The type of variable being investigated has consequences for any graphical display or
statistical tests that may be used

60
Q

What is correlation

A

Correlation is an association and does not imply causation.

61
Q

When does correlation exist

A

Correlation exists if there is a relationship between two variables

62
Q

When does causation exist

A

Causation exists if the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value in the dependant variable

63
Q

When does a positive correlation exist

A

A positive correlation exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by
an increase in the other variable.

64
Q

When does a negative correlation exist

A

A negative correlation exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by a
decrease in the other variable.

65
Q

What is strength of correlation proportional to

A

Strength of correlation is proportional to spread of values from line of best fit.

ADVANCED HIGHER BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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