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Science > Unit 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that encodes a specific protein

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2
Q

Which structure carries genetic information?

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

Which option contains all of the other options listed?

A. Chromatid

B. Centromere

C. Chromosome

D. Gene

A

C. Chromosome

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4
Q

In pea plants, the allele for purple flowers, P, is dominant over the allele for white flowers, p. Which conclusion about phenotype and genotype is possible?

A. If a plant has purple flowers, then its genotype must be PP.

B. If a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be pp.

C. If a plant has purple flowers, then its genotype must be Pp.

D. I a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be Pp.

A

B. If a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be pp.

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5
Q

What is a phenotype of an organism?

A

An observable trait

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6
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of gene

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7
Q

Plant A: tt
Plant B: TT
Plant C: Tt

The table shows the genotypes of three pea plants for the allele for height. Which prediction about the three plants is the most reasonable?

A. Plant A and Plant C will have similar heights.

B. Plant C will be the shortest.

C. Plant A will be the tallest.

D. Plant B and Plant C will have similar heights.

A

D. Plant B and Plant C will have similar heights.

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8
Q

How do the terms genotype and phenotype relate?

A

An organism’s genotype leads to its phenotype.

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9
Q

An organism’s genotype is

A

the set of alleles an organism has for a trait.

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10
Q

Genes have different forms, called

A

alleles.

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11
Q

How are the plant height genotypes TT and Tt similar?

A

Both are expressed as a tall phenotype.

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12
Q

Which option shows all allele combinations that can be used to represent a purebred animal?

A. Tt

B. tt

C. TT or tt

D. TT or Tt

A

C. TT or tt

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13
Q

The protein that carries oxygen in our blood is known as

A

hemoglobin.

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14
Q

Which statement accurately describes sickle cell anemia?

A. It emerges in humans without the influence of DNA.

B. It affects transcription and translation in humans.

C. It affects the functions of red blood cells of humans.

D. It emerges in humans without the influence of mRNA.

A

C. It affects the functions of red blood cells of humans.

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15
Q

How are DNA and mRNA related?

A

DNA is used as a template to make mRNA.

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16
Q

Three-letter segments of mRNA code for specific

A

amino acids.

17
Q

What are the effects of cystic fibrosis?

A

respiratory and digestive issues

18
Q

Which statement is the most accurate definition of mutation?

A. A mutation is a change in DNA that only causes diseases.

B. A mutation is a change in DNA that can change the structure and function of genetic information.

C. A mutation is a change in DNA that only causes survival advantages.

D. A mutation is a change in DNA that can change the structure of genetic information and cause diseases.

A

B. A mutation is a change in DNA that can change the structure and function of genetic information.

19
Q

What is the main function of camouflage?

A

Camouflage helps organisms blend within their environment.

20
Q

A mutation that causes abnormal cell division can result in

A

skin cancer.

21
Q

Ruby has observed that plants in her garden vary in height. She wants to investigate whether a plant species (species A) grows faster than the other garden species (species B, C, and D). Select the statement that describes Ruby gathering enough evidence to support a scientific explanation concerning plant growth rates.

A. Ruby measures the height of a species A plant for a week and finds an anonymous gardening blog that describes the growth rate of species A.

B. Ruby measures the heights of several species A, B, C, and D plants for a week under different conditions and finds a journal article that describes the growth rate of species A.

C. Ruby measures the heights of several species A, B, C, and D plants, each species for one week at a time for four consecutive weeks.

D. Ruby measures the heights of several species A, B, C, and D plants for a week under the same conditions and finds journal articles that describe the growth rates of each species.

A

D. Ruby measures the heights of several species A, B, C, and D plants for a week under the same conditions and finds journal articles that describe the growth rates of each species.

22
Q

You weigh 5 kittens all from the same litter and get the following data (in pounds):

1.05, 1.2, 1.15, 1.2, 1.4.

Calculate the average weight of the kittens, in pounds.

A

1.2

23
Q

Which sentence most accurately describes the daily growth rate of plants?

A. average change in plant height divided by number of days

B. average plant height divided by total number of plants

C. sum of individual plant heights divided by number of days

D. sum of individual plant heights divided by total number of plants

A

A. average change in plant height divided by number of days

24
Q

Which example best describes the influence of genetic factors?

A. A shrub with good access to sunlight is taller than other shrubs located in shaded areas.

B. A corn plant is the same height as another corn plant of a different variety.

C. A horse is the same size as its parents and similar height to other horses of the same breed that it lives with on a farm.

D. The adult offspring of a pair of deer is shorter than its parents and obtained fewer nutrients when it was younger.

A

C. A horse is the same size as its parents and similar height to other horses of the same breed that it lives with on a farm.

25
Q

In what situation would a snake be expected to have the largest size?

A

lots of space, large supply of food

26
Q

Which experimental procedure would provide the best evidence for the effect of light on plant growth?

A. Measure plants receiving different amounts of light in their natural environments.

B. Plant seeds in different soils and expose them to different amounts of light, then measure plant growth.

C. Measure plants of the same variety grown in environments that receive different amounts of light.

D. Plant seeds of the same variety in the same conditions and vary only the amount of light, then measure plant growth.

A

D. Plant seeds of the same variety in the same conditions and vary only the amount of light, then measure plant growth.

27
Q

A family raises a species of fish in a pond. At the end of each summer, the family sells the fully grown fish. One year, the family notices that the fish are smaller than they had been the previous year. Which statement best explains this observation?

A. The type of fish in the pond this year tended to be smaller than the type of fish last year.

B. There was more space in the pond this year than last year.

C. There was less food available in the pond this year than last year.

D. There were fewer fish this year than there were last year.

A

C. There was less food available in the pond this year than last year.

28
Q

A species of plant grows poorly in the shadow of a building. Which environmental need is the plant most likely lacking?

A

sunlight

29
Q

What is the name for one half of a chromosome?

A

chromatid

30
Q

Which statement about genetic material is correct?

A. Centromeres connect two chromosomes.

B. Genes encode deoxyribonucleic acid.

C. Chromosomes are made up of genes.

D. Chromatids contain chromosomes.

A

C. Chromosomes are made up of genes.

31
Q

In pea plants, the allele for tall height, T, is dominant over the allele for short height, t. A pea plant has two different alleles for height. Which statement about the pea plant is correct?

A. The phenotype for height is tall, and the genotype is Tt.

B. The phenotype for height is short, and the genotype is Tt.

C. The phenotype for height is tall, and the genotype is TT.

D. The phenotype for height is short, and the genotype is tt.

A

A. The phenotype for height is tall, and the genotype is Tt.

32
Q

How are the terms homozygous and heterozygous different?

A

Homozygous describes having two of the same allele for a trait, and heterozygous describes having two different alleles for a trait.

33
Q

How are the terms purebred and hybrid different?

A

Purebred is a term used for a homozygous organism, and hybrid is a term used for a heterozygous organism.

34
Q

What is the scientific term for a section of a chromosome?

A

Gene

35
Q

What is the scientific term used to describe a structural change in a gene?

A

mutation

36
Q

Which statement is an example of a beneficial mutation?

A. A person has a mutation that causes her earlobes to be attached to her head.

B. A person has a mutation that causes him to be unable to fully digest lactose.

C. A fawn in the forest has a mutation that causes its fur color to be white.

D. A mosquito has a mutation that causes it to be more resistant to pesticides.

A

D. A mosquito has a mutation that causes it to be more resistant to pesticides.

37
Q

Anvi measured the height of five plants over a three-week experimental period and obtained the following data for the final week (in cm):

15, 18, 21, 19, 20

Calculate the final average height for this group of plants. Round your answer to one decimal place.

A

18.6 cm

38
Q

Which environmental factor would decrease plant growth?

A. Space

B. Fertilizer

C. Drought

D. Light

A

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