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Biology Grade 11 > Unit 3: Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 3: Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Hybrid

A

An individual produced by two genetically different individuals. Heterozygous.

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2
Q

Punnet Square

A

A diagram used to predict the phenotypes in a particual breeding/cross experiment

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3
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic in an individual or species. Determined in genetics by genes.

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4
Q

Allele

A

One or more versions on a set of DNA in a specific location.

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5
Q

Locus

A

The physical site of a specific gene on a chromosome. E.g DNA from a specific locus was deleted to produce a mutation.

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6
Q

Purebred

A

An individual with two identical alleles for a trait. Homozygous.

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7
Q

True breeding

A

An organism which always passes down specific phenotypes to its offspring.

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8
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When one allele does not fully dominate producing a phenotype where both alleles can be seen at the same time. (in between parent phenotypes). Red and white flowers producing pink.

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9
Q

Codominance

A

When two seperate alles are expressed seperately in an individual. Usually producing spots. Red and white flowers producing a red and white spotted flower.

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10
Q

P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation

A
  • The parent generation (individuals being crossed)
  • First filial generation (children of parents)
  • Second filial generation (grandchildren of parents)
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11
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Medel 1822 - 1884
Discovered the law of inheritance. He discovered that genes come in pairs and are inherited individually one from each parent.

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12
Q

Law of Dominance

A

If heterozygous only the dominant allele is expressed.

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13
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During gamete formation genes seperate so that each gamate carries only on allele for each gene.

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14
Q

Law of Independant Assortment

A

The allele a gamete receives for one gene doesn’t influence the alles for another gene.

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15
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Alleles are the alternate forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait.

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16
Q

Nucleotides

A

A molecule composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate. Any of the basic units of DNA or RNA. (a group of nitrogen base pairs)

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17
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code.

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18
Q

Nitrogen base

A

A nitrogen compound which forms an important part of nucleotides. ( Nucleobases: adenine cytosine guanine thymine)

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19
Q

Cell Cycle

A

A series of events which takes place as a cell grows and divides.

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20
Q

Interphase

A

G1 - Cell is growing and going through normal cell processes (longest)
S - DNA is replicated
G2 - Organelles and proteins necessary for cell division are produced (shortest)

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

At the end of meiosis or mitosis when the ceel finally splits into two daghter cell.
In animal cells - cells pinch
In plants - cell plate will form

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22
Q

Haploid

A

All gamates. Only sex cells. Have 26 chromosomes. Have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell N.

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23
Q

Diploid

A

All other cells. Have 46 chromosomes. 2N

24
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Have the same genes in identical locations (locus’s). 2 chromosomes in a pair. (one from mother one from father. (think pairs in karyotyping) All together they are considered a full set of chromosomes 46.

25
Q

Polyploidy

A

When a diploid cell or organism obtains an additional set of chromosomes.

26
Q

Karyotype

A

The general apperance of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell or organism. (also refers to a labroratoy produces image of a persons chromosomes arranged in size order).

27
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A mating experiment between two organisms with different variation of one locus. (2 alleles for 1 trait)

28
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A mating experiment between two organisms which are identically hybrid for two traits. How two different genes are passed on from a pair of organisms.

29
Q

Genes

A

The basic unit of heredity. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are at specific locations (locus) on chromosomes.

30
Q

DNA structure

A

Two strands linked together called a double helix. Made up of pentose sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleobase/ nitrogen base (adenine cytosine guanine thymine)

31
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each. Asexual

32
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in 4 different haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each. Produces the gametes. Sexual.

33
Q

Chromosome

A

Made of two sister chromatids held together by a centromere. Thread like made of nucleic acid holding DNA and genetic information in the form of genes.

34
Q

Prophase (mitosis, 1, and 2)

A

P - chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, nucleolus dissapears, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers start to form,

P1 - same - chromosomes line up side by side in synapsis and form tetrads, crossing over occurs

P2 - same - but with haploid cells and no crossing over

35
Q

Metaphase (all)

A

M - chromosome sline up in center of cell, spindle fibers attach to centromere

M1 - same

M2 - same

36
Q

Anaphase (all)

A

A - chromosomes are pulled to the side of the cell by the spindle fibers they are seperated into chromatids (not in A1)

A1 - chromosome pairs split but not the centromeres

A2 - centrioles split and individual chromosomes are split into chromatids and pulled to sides of cell

37
Q

Telophase (all)

A

T - chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers dissapear, new nuclear envelope forms around each region, new nuclei forms

T1 - same

T2 - same but with 4 haploid cells

38
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of DNA between pairs homologous chromosomes. Produces genetic diversity.

39
Q

Non-disjunction

A

The failure of chromosomes of chromatids to seperate succesfully. Resulting in abnormal chromosome distribution.

40
Q

Tetrad

A

The link between homologous chromosomes consisting of 4 chromatids.

41
Q

Monosomy

A

The absense of one member of a pair of chromosomes. 45 chromosomes in each cell. Usually due to non disjunction.

42
Q

Trisomy

A

The addition of one extra chromosome in one or all of the body cells. (e.g down syndrom is extra chromosome 21)

43
Q

Sex chromosome

A

The type of chromosome determining sex. XX - female, XY - Male.

44
Q

Sex-linked characteristic

A

Genes carried on the sex chromsomes. Males are more affected by genes on the X chromosome because they only have one.

45
Q

X-linked recessive inheritance

A

Will always be expressed in males if carrier but only expressed in females when they are homozygous for the trait.

46
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

The inheritance of traits determined by genes on the autosomal chromosomes (1-22)

47
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

The inheritance of a dominant phenotype whose gene is on a autosomal chromosome. Two parents affected can produce a non affected child.

48
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

The inheritance of a recessive phenotype whose gene is on a autosomal chromosome. Two parents not affected can produce an affected child.

49
Q

Centriole vs. centromere

A

Produces spindle fibers in mitosis and meiosis. Centromeres hold the chromatids together.

50
Q

Oogenesis/oocyte/ovum

A

The production of egg cells though meiosis in the egg cells. An oocyte is a cell that can produce more egg cells. The ovum is a single cell which when fertilized by the spermatozoa can develope a new organism.

51
Q

Spermatogenesis/spermatocyte/spermatozoa

A

The production of sperm cells though meiosis in the sperm cells. A spermatocyte is a cell that can produce other sperm cells. The spermatozoa is a single cell which can fertilize the ovum.

52
Q

Epigenetic

A

An epigenetic trait is a phenotype resulting from change in the chromosome without altering the DNA sequence. Affected by outside factors.

53
Q

Polygenetic

A

A polygenetic trait is a trait influences by one or more genes. (height or skin color)

54
Q

Multifactorial

A

When more than one factor causes a trait.

55
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

When one locus affects more than one phenotypic trait.

Biology Grade 11 (3 decks)

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