Unit 1: Diversity Flashcards
Phylum Porifera
Animalia - Sponges
- asymmetrical
- no tissues or organs
- colony of specialized cells
- filter feeders
- sessile as adults
- good powers of regeneration
Phylum Cnidaria
Animalia - Jellyfish, corals, anemones
- radial symmetry
- two tissue layers (inner mesoglea)
- primitive nerve net but no brain
- 2-way digestive tract
- stinging cells for capturing food
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Animalia - Flatworms
- bilateral symmetry
- primative brain
- 3 tissue layers
Phylum Nematoda
Animalia - Roundworms
- No cilia or flagella
- surrounded by a protective cuticle
- can only bend side to side
- no circulatory or respiratiry system
- in unfavourable conditions can suspend life processes
Phylum Annelida
Animalia - segmented worms
- earthworms
- one way digestive tract
- well developed digestive and circulatory systems
Phylum Mollusca
Animalia - snails, slugs, clams
- either have no shell one shell or two shells
- have a hard mouth part
Phylum Arthropoda
Animalia - insects, centipedes, millipedes
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- must shed shell to grow
Phylum Echinodermata
Animalia - sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
- radial symmetry in adults and bilateral in larvae
- tube feet and water vascualr system
- most exhibit pentamerism
Phylum Chordata
Animalia - fish, birds, mammals
- dorsal hollow nerve tube
- notochord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- post anal tail
What defines a fungi
- Firm cell walls (chitin)
- spores as reproductive bodies
- unique chromosomes and nuclei
- includes mold, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms
- eukaryotic and absorptive
- mostly unicellular
- heterotrophic
- mycelium
What defines an animal
- eukaryotic
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- no cell wall
- motile in some stage of life
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Fungi
- mainly aquatic
- some saprobic, some parasitic
- Chitin cell wall
- flagellated zoospores
Phylum Zygomycota
Fungi - bread molds
- zygote = “mated” hyphal strands
- live in soil and water
- some are parasites
Phylum Ascomycota
Fungi - truffles, yeast
- decomposers
- pathogens
- have asci (fruiting body)
Phylum Basidiomycota
Fungi -
- have a basidium (fruiting body, club shaped) that produces basidiospores
- food
- plant disease
Phylum Deuteromycota
Fungi - no longer exist - athletes foot
- saprobial, parasitic, predatory
- produce conidia
- mostly classified as ascomycota
- asexual
- penicillin
Lichens
A fusion of fungi and a unicellular producer (protist or a eubacteria)
Phylum Cercezoa
Animal-like - amoebas (endamoeba hystolitica- feeding on the lining of the small intestine)
- no cell wall
- use internal cytoskeleton to move
- pseudopods for feeding and moving
Phylum Ciliophora
Animal-like - balantidium coli (parasite in large intestine)
- have cilia, help with movement and sweeping food particles into the cell
Phylum Zoomastigina
Animal-like - species living in termites (mutualistic relationship)
- have a flagella to move
- have a hard protective layer covering their outer membrane
- some freeliving, parasitic, some in mutualistic relationships
Phylum Sporozoa
Animal-like - plasmodium (cause malaria in humans)
- parasites of animals
alternated between sexual and asexual reproduction
- alternate between 2 hosts
Phylum Chrysophyta
Plant-like - pinnularia (important oxygen producer and indicator of pollution)
- rigid cell walls (made up of two unequal parts)
- Mostly asexual reproduction by mitosis (sexual under unfavourable conditions)
Phylum Pyrrophyta
Plant-like - Pfiesterua Piscicids (cause large fish kills and algae booms)
- 2 flagella
- move by spinning through water
- can cause red tide
- some are in mutulistic relationships
- cause coral bleaching when temeratures rise
Phylum Euglenophyta
Plant-like - Phacus (photosynthetic, live in ditches, swamps, and ponds)
- photosynthesis
- have flagella and can absorb nutrients
- autotrophs in the sun and heterotrophs in the dark
- have an eyespot
Phylum Phaeophyta
Plant-like - kelp - brown algae
- grow in high density
- they have a stipe (long rod blades are attached too), blades (leaves), and a holdfast
- Photosynthesis
Phylum Rhodophyta
Plant-like - Nori (food) - red algae
- up to a meter in length
- in warm coastal areas
- can produce pigment that allows red algae to thrive deep in the ocean
Phylum Chlorophyta
Plant-like - Ulva (sea lettuce) - green algae
- mostly aquatic
- closest to plants
- cellulose walls
Plasmodial slime molds
Fungi-like
- visible to unaided eye
- contains many neclei
- engluf small particles off food into their cytoplasm
- some cytoplasm forms a skeletal structure
cellular slime molds
Fungi-like
- individual amoebe cells with one nucleus each
- injest tiny bacteria or yeast cells
- can release a chemical that gathers them togethet to form a pseudolasmodium
Water molds
Fungi-like
- filamentous
- resemble fungi
- most live on dead organic matter
- some parasites of fish, insects, and plants
What are the taxa levels?
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
How do you write names in binomial nomenclature?
Genus species
- capitalize genus
- lowercase species
- if types italisized
- if written underlined
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Eubacteria, Archeabacteria, plantae, protista, animalia, fungi
What defines a plant?
- photosynthesis
- eukaryotic
- multicellular
- autotrophic
- sexual reproduction
- cellulose cell wall
Charactersitics of eubacteria
- prokaryotic
- unicellular
- autotrophic and heterotrophic
- cell wall is peptidoglycan
- asexual
Charactersitics of archeabacteria
- prokaryotic
- unicellular
- occasionally no cell wall
- autotrophic and heterotrophic
- asexual
What is a virus and why are they not alive?
A virus is an infectious agent that contains nucleic acid covered by a capsid. They are not alive because they rely on a host cell to live. They can not live independantly.
What is a retrovirus?
A retrovirus is a virus with RNA instead of DNA that uses an enzyme to become part of it’s host cells DNA to replicate.
What is the lytic cycle?
The active cycle
- inserts DNA
- DNA directs host cell to produce viral components like proteins and copies of the virus DNA
- Using these components new viruses are made
- The cell lyses and releases the new viruses
What is the lysogenic cycle?
The dormant cycle
- inserts DNA
- DNA inserts itself into chromosome
- The DNA is then replicated with the cells DNA
- Binary fission happens (cell division)
- provirus then leaves the hosts chromosomes
How do we classify viruses?
- what they affect
- shape and structure of their capsid (helical symmetry of cubic symmetry)
- type of genetic material
- method of infection
What is the difference between archae and bacteria?
- Bacteria cell walls contain peptidogycan while archae never do
- both prokaryotic
- both unicellular
- both heterotrophic and autotrophic
What is a plasmid?
Small loops fo DNA and containing genes
Gram + and Gram -
- Gram positive turns purple and has a thick cell wall layer
- Gram negative turns pink and has a thin cell wall layer
What is binary fissions and conjugation?
- binary fission is asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical cells
- conjugation is the prcess in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells
What is budding?
- asexual reproduction in fungi
- A new organism develops from a bud on an existing organism
What is fragmentation
- asexual reproduction in fungi
- The body of the organism breaks into pieces each producing a new organism
Germ layers
Ectoderm - outer layer
mesoderm - middle layer
endoderm - inner layer
How do we classify animals?
- number of germ layer
- body plan and cavities
- body symmetry
- segmentation
- reproduction
