Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PWS 344 > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the four membranes found in the amniotic egg

A

a. Chorion membrane- allows gas exchange, but retains water
b. Amnion- encases embryo in fluid
c. Yolk sac- provides food for the embryo
d. Allantois- surrounds waste cavity to prevent embryonic environment from becoming toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Circadian rhythm

A

Pattern of activity and inactivity over the course of a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the reptilian orders

A

Squamata - lizards and snakes

Testudines - turtles, tortoises

Rhynocephalian- primitive 3rd eye

Crocodilia - alligators, crocodiles, gharials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the difference between alligators and crocodiles?

A

a. Crocodiles have one, large tooth pointing upwards that is easily distinguishable, alligators do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of class Aves

A
  • Feathers
  • Light, fused bones
  • Efficient respiration and circulation (four-chambered heart and ventilation
  • Endothermic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name and describe the bird orders

A

Passeriformes - perching birds

Falconiformes - falcons

Accipitriformes - eagles, hawks

Strigiformes - owls

Anseriformes - ducks, geese, swans

Galliformes - turckey, quail, pheasant, partridge, grouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which bird order has the most terrestrial species?

A

Passeriformes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a lek?

A

A communal, promiscuous breeding ground where a group of males gather to attract females. The most dominant male get the best territory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of class mammalia

A

a. Hair and milk
b. 4 chambered heart
c. Endothermic
d. muscular diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hindgut vs foregut fermenters

A

Hindgut fermenters - probiotic bacteria found in enlarged cecum and colon
Foregut fermenters - cellulose-digesting bacteria found in stomach, cud regurgitated. Have a rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What the difference between a horn and an antler

A

Horn - bony structure with keratin shell, not normally shed

Antler - bony structure. Forms with skin and fur on the outside that eventually fall off. Annually shed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Eutheria

A

Latin for “true mammals”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name two groups of venomous mammals

A

Echidna, platypus (prototheria, order monotermata)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which mammalian order has the most species?

A

rodentia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the largest rodent?

A

Capybara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does chiroptera mean?

A

Latin for wing hand

17
Q

Name the different types of mating systems

A

a. Monogamy- individuals have one sexual partner either for life or for the duration of the mating season
b. Polyandry- One female mates with multiple males
c. Polygyny- one male mates with multiple females

18
Q

Whats the difference between obligate and faculative mating systems

A

In facultative monogamy, monogamous pairs only occur when resources are poor. In obligate monogamy, a species will be monogamous no matter the external conditions

19
Q

Name and define the 6 types of interspecific associations

A

a. Mutualism – both individuals benefit from the interaction. Ex plants and mycorrhizae
b. Predation/parasitism – One individual benefits from the interaction the other is negatively affected. Ex. bear and salmon
c. Commensalism – one individual is benefitted while there is no effect on the other. Ex. cowbirds and buffalo
d. Competition – Both individuals are negatively affected by the interaction. Ex. lion and hyena
e. Ammensalism – One species is not affected by the interaction while the other is harmed. Ex. Deer stepping on an ant
f. Neutralism – Interaction has no effect on either species. Ex. Barnacle and a shorebird

20
Q

What are some adaptations related to predation

A

Animals:

  1. Teeth
  2. Spines
  3. Cryptic coloration (camouflage)
  4. Mimicry

Plants:

  1. Thorns
  2. Tannins
  3. Silica
21
Q

What are the two types of mimcry

A

Batesian mimicry - a dangerous or harmful individual is mimicked by a harmless one

Mullerian mimicry - two unrelated harmful or dangerous individuals closely resemble each other

22
Q

Define aposematic

A

Aposematism - displaying warning colorations to predators

23
Q

What are three types of competition?

A

a. Exploitative- Competition results from a race to get to a limited resource first
b. Interference – competition results from one species preventing another from having access to a resource
c. Apparent – Indirect competition mediated through a third species

24
Q

Define niche

A

Niche is the role of an animal in an ecosystem

25
Q

Costs and benefits of group living

A

Benefits to group living:

a. Decreased predation
b. increased likelihood of finding a mate
c. Working together to hunt

Costs:

a. Less resource availability
b. Competition for mates
c. Increase spread of disease

26
Q

Does true altruism exist in nature?

A

No

27
Q

Define reprocity

A

sharing behavior occurring between individuals. Sharing only occurs if reciprocated. i.e. if you share with me, I’ll share with you

28
Q

Define kin selection theory

A

An animal is more likely to engage in altruistic behavior if it is more closely related to others. Natural selection favors altruistic behavior in this case because individual fitness decreases, but inclusive fitness increases

29
Q

What are the four modes of communication discussed in class?

A

a. smell – pheromones communicate identity and sexual state, more common in polygamous species. Ex insects finding mates
b. sound – can travel longer distances than other modes. Ex dispersing wolves finding a range
c. vision – short-distance mode of communication. Ex tail flagging
d. tactile – communication through grooming. Ex primates grooming

30
Q

Describe agonistic behavior

A

Can be offensive, defensive, submissive, territorial
- dominance behavior
-dominant males will have the most access to food and mates
Sneaker male strategy - act as a female to be protected by a bigger male and gain access to females

31
Q

Describe echolocation

A

Echolocation uses reflected sound waves to detect prey. Used by bats, whales and insectivores.

When using echolocation, __short___ (long/short) sound wavelengths are best for catching smaller prey.

32
Q

Describe mule deer dispersal

A

Male and female deer disperse at the same rate, suggesting that this trait is learned from the mother. Babies stay with the mother until they are driven off when she has more babies. Some exhibit migratory behavior, some do not.

33
Q

Dispersal and Migration patterns

A

Brief migrant - migrates for a short time
Asynchronous migrant - migrates at an unusual time of year
Gradual migrant - migrates gradually
Commuting migrate - migrates to and from migration range multiple times
Multi-range migrant (1 trip) - has multiple ranges it stays in over the period of one migration event
Multi-range migrant (>1 trip) - Has multiple ranges it visits on multiple trips

34
Q

Describe ranging behavior

A

Ranging - forays outside the home range usually in search of suitable mates

Natal dispersal - movement from a natal site to a site where repro occurs (typically sex biased)

35
Q

Describe Type 1, 2, and 3 survivorship curves

A

Type 1 - humans and other large mammals, high survivorship rates throughout childhood and middle-age, rapid decline in later life

Type 2 - Roughly constant survival probability is experienced regardless of age. Birds

Type 3 - Greatest mortality early in life, with relatively low rates of death for those surviving this bottleneck. Oysters

36
Q

Proximate vs ultimate causes of migration / dispersal

A

Proximate causes

a) forced out by parents or social group
b) involuntary response to increased testosterone

Ultimate causes

a) avoidance of inbreeding
b) reduction of competition with relatives
c) Increased access to potential mates

37
Q

Describe the theory of ideal free distribution

A

Theory states that individuals in a population will occupy the highest quality habitat until a threshold is reached where fitness is increased by moving into a lower quality, less populated habitat

PWS 344 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions