Unit 3 Exam Flashcards
Chapters 5-8 5 - Deviance 6 - Race/Ethnicity 7 - Sex/Gender 8 - Religion
Absolutist deviance
someone who sees things as absolute.
i.e., once something is wrong, it is wrong. very cut and dry, black and white.
Statistical deviance
rarity of the occurrence of deviance happening. Looking at the likelihood of something happening.
(i.e., 1000 or 3/100,000 murders a year by guns.)
Deviance causes ___?
harm; not all deviance behaviors are criminal, all criminal behavior is deviant, but not all deviance is criminal.
(i.e., Martin Luther King marching…civil disobedience…
Looking at Gay/Straight guys calling one another names)
Deviance is ___?
criminal; its all about context
(looking at drinking in the football parking lots- Muir drinking for a softball game or thousands drinking with kids around for a football game.)
Deviance is also ___?
relative; what may be deviant for 18 y/o’s may not be deviant for 21 y/o’s.
What may be deviant for men, may not be deviant for women, vice versa.
Types of deviance we study: \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_
crime
sexual
violence
drugs and alcohol
Explanations of Social Problems-Alternative deviant
Lombroso and criminals are atavistic
Hooton and body type is key(looking at extra chromosome)
Bylinski and brain abnormalities
Lorenz and Human vs.Animal inhibitory behavior
BF Skinner and frustration aggression theory
Lombroso and criminals are atavistic
Positivist perspective, studied criminals and how their offspring will be criminal too.
Atavistic- if your parents are criminals, you will be too.
Hooton and body type is key
positivist (world is measurable)
Biological determinism- looking at how our biological behavior is already predetermined.
Studied criminals and atavistic behavior.
Short men/women produced sex crimes and Tall men/women murder…This cannot be true due to the generalization, we cannot generalize a population in this way.
Bylinski and brain abnormalities
Looking at brains and how deviant behavior can correlate with brain abnormalities.
Insane people will not know that they are insane, thus this is why we look. Non-insane people say they are insane.
Lorenz Humans vs. Animals inhibitory behavior
Animals exhibit inhibitory bevahior (the four F’s fuck, fear, fight or flight) - Looking at adrenaline levels.
BF Skinner and frustration- aggression theory
a stimulus response, you are reacting to a stimulus
Frustration Aggression Theory- suggests that w tend to lash out at people who re close to us. (i.e., number 1 killer of black men is black men, and number 1 killer of white men is white men.)
Strain Theory
most closely related to Functionalist theory, looking at a strain within the system and how specific institutions are effected.
Goal-means gap
the closer together the goals and the means are, the lower probability for deviance, but when goals are further apart, the increase of deviance
Illegitimate opportunity
Not doing something because we are morally driven not to
i.e., not taking a computer off of a library table abandoned, or taking a dog out of a car because the owner is gone.
Control theory
closely related to conflict theory.
Looking at social forces that are controlling our behavior
Best example is Law and Morals
Social bond and self control
socially conditioning us to have self control
Re-integrative shaming
re-integrating people back into society after they have done something bad.
(bumper sticker that says, “this person is a convicted drunk driver”)
Learning theory
closely related to symbolic interactionism, looking at how people use symbols or actions to learn how to act
Differential association
associating with different groups throughout the day, association may be deviant in different groups
(i.e., working at a fast food restaurant and then going out to work as a stripper.)
Differential reinforcement
our behavior is reinforced and modified in different ways and social contexts.
Looking at Bobo the Clown and how children are learning to act when watching or being told to do something.
Which theoretical perspective is most closely related to control theory? A SI B Functionalism C Conflict D Chaos
C Conflict
Labeling and stickiness of labels
Those who have power have the ability to label those not in power as deviant- and some embrace the stickiness of the labeling.
(i.e., when a gang member puts a teardrop on their face.)
Audience and Deviance acts:
we need audiences to add moral meaning to an act, it helps us state if the behavior is deviant or not.
Deviant behavior is___?
learned, nurturing act
Deviant acts ___?
happen in small groups; if a large group did something, it would be considered a norm.
Drives and motives for deviant acts?
Money, adrenaline rushes…
Deviance defies norms as?
favorable/unfavorable acts
favorable must outweigh the unfavorable acts- the reason we do something is because..?
Deviance and association:
Sociopaths v. Psychopaths
Race is a____?
social construct
Race can be used as a____?
oppressive act
There is not specific races, there is one___?
human race
Biologically, evolutionary, and socially we are all?
mutts, mix breeds
Stereotypes are based upon?
generalizations, saying that all people within a specific group act the same- sometimes false but sometimes true, stereotypes have a grain of truth in them.
Happy violence is?
the violence we see in the media numbs us to the real world problems.
Education and Ebonics
“black english” - white people thought that black people had their own english- but come to find out we have different dialects
Family/religion and pregnancy rates
hispanic and black girls tend to have 2-3 times more pregnancy rates- they act like parents to their siblings to and invite their boyfriends over to have sex
Split labor economy
minorities tend to be the last ones hired and the first ones fired
Politics and minorities
minorities tend to overwhelmingly vote democratically, although, republicans think that democrats to comes into America so that they can help vote and win
KKK development
by poor black and white men, going against the government but turned into something far worse
Race relations
powerpoint
Prejudice:
pre judgement; deals with competition and promotions
Discrimination:
institutional is more common than individual. but we see more individual discrimination
Bigot- Nacirema
ignorant, discriminate and prejudice toward other groups
Nacirema- lady showed other people this word and than asked how they felt about it and they said mean things- come to find out it was A m e r i c a n spelt backwards.
Bigotry is?
acting on ignorance, when confronted on bigotry, the bigot will back down
Ethnocentrism?
looking at other cultures from your cultures perspective
Racism is?
belief in superiority of your own race against others
Racist?
someone who acts on the belief that their race s better than others
black people cannot be racist bc they do not have the power or means to systematically discriminate
Racial imagery?
use or abuse of stereotypes- mascots for colleges or favorite sports teams.
Ethnic stratification
ethnic groups that came into America were discriminated against so they had to assimilate the American way
Power among groups
Power between groups
reference to all groups from specific location
competition of power b/w groups
Assimilation is
process of becoming part of a new society, learning new norms and a way of life
What do we have to have in order to have culture?
Language
Theory on Race/Ethnicity
Symbolic Interactionism; socialized into prejudice, children have to be socialized into being prejudice- they were not born that way.
Kids do not have a racist bone in their body, until it is taught.
Self-Fulfilling prophecy; If you tell someone that they are a loser, they will believe themselves to be a loser, and if we repetitively tell our kids that they are different from one another, they will believe that
Cycle of discrimination
If we tell kids about the racist construct, they will tell theirs too
Labeling Theory
removes humanity, photos put into our mind regarding what people should look like. When we call people names, we use this to dehumanize them, making them feel less.
(i.e., hitman shooting others as they are told specific info about someone, making them seem less of a person, easy to kill.)
Conflict and Ethnic groups
Those in power use ethnic relations to be in competition with one another as it distracts them from the true discrimination taking place
(i.e., “Cops” the TV show)
African Americans make up what percent of the population?
Hispanics?
Asians?
Jews?
13%
18%
4%
3%
Sexist Imagery and objectification in media
If you objectify someone, you lose their subjectivity (who they are)
Male and female athletes
female athletes are highly sexualized, girls smile in sports photos than boys, as they act “tough”
“If men could menstruate”
if they could, the first amendment would be birth control for all, guys are wimps.
If they could menstruate, there would be competition,
More things would be passed, like free will of birth, etc.
Double standard in sports
men vs women, why should we hold standards for them both when they both can do amazing things differently?
Gender:
social construct; degree of femininity or masculinity you ascribe to. Gender is “between the ears” (brain)
Sex is:
biological, what you have in your genes, no choice
Sexism is:
belief in superiority of your own sex
Sexest is:
a person acting on sexism beliefs
Feminism is:
radical belief that women are people too
Primary vs. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Primary: genital development, menarche, spermarche.
Secondary: breast enlargement, hips widen, mens shoulder grow, voice deepens in males.
Social construct, based on clothes we wear
Areas of Discrimination:
Economic: women are going to make 20% less at the same job, 96% of people who take family leave are women
Education: teachers and administrators
Social: double standards b/w men and women, (i.e., curfews)
Religious issues:
school prayers due to distant with churches and school prayer is being watered down, plus parents and children have different religions, so kids are in different religions
48% of people believe in creationism, okay lol; but what about isotope, radiology, dinosaur bones? (HALF)
Belief in God %
1944 = 97% 1977 = 90% 2017 = 80% (us)
Atheism and Religions
Everyone is born atheist, we are socialized into religions
Largest faiths
Catholicism is the largest practiced faith (68 million)
Protestant is double that in catholics, (115 million)
Muslim is the fastest growing faith
Monotheism:
belief in one God (western religions)
Polytheism:
belief in many gods (eastern religions)
Durkheim studied;
Sacred
Profane
Totemism
Sacred:
things we deem to be holy
Profane:
non-holy ordinary things
Totemism:
Totem poles, figures of celebration, as you move up, you learnt he story of the totem.
Cults:
all churches were first formed by cults (high degree of intensity)
Church:
has to apply to the US in order to become a church
Ecclesia:
state run religion, high degree of intensity, congregation
Simple supernaturalism
lucky charms; bracelets, etc.
Animisms
ghosts, spirits, angels, etc
Dimensions of Religiosity
Experiential: experiences of church
Consequential: consequences of faith (i..e, 10 commandments)
Cognitions and Belief System: understanding of your faith; their POV
Rituals: (high and low) looking at how religions have rituals, (cookie and wine)
Creationism
48% believe (half) in this
