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Global Impact of Infectious Diseases > Unit 3 exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is biowarfare?

A

the intentional use of disease causing organisms or products of organisms to harm populations to attain a military objective

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2
Q

what is bioterrorism?

A

intentional use of disease causing organisms or products of organisms to harm humans, other animals or plants in order to cause civil unrest and panic or to commit a crime

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3
Q

what are disadvantages of biological agents?

A

morally and socially unethical; delivery can be tricky; difficult to control spread; hazard to self

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4
Q

what happened during the Geneva Protocol of 1925?

A

“a protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating gas, and of biological methods of warfare”; banned all use during war

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5
Q

what did the Geneva Protocol not include?

A

didn’t mention production, storage or transfer of biologic agents

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6
Q

what was the Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology?

A

program started by the Soviets in 1928

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7
Q

what happened in Stalingrad 1942?

A

Soviets may have infected German Panzer troops with tularemia- causing bacteria in Battle of Stalingrad

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8
Q

what happened in Camp Detrick?

A

site of several US medical research facilities

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9
Q

what happened in 1944-45?

A

US and British leaders developed plans to drop hundreds of bomblets with Bacillus anthracis over German cities

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10
Q

what happened in Japan 1932-1945?

A

invaded Manuchuria in 1931; developed Unit 731 as a BW research; thousands of Chinese, Koreans, Russians, criminals and POW experimented on

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11
Q

BW experiments in US

A

San Francisco -1950; NYC subway system -1966; Johnston Atoll - 1963-1969; Operation Whitecoat -1954

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12
Q

who renounces BW for the US?

A

President Nixon in 1969

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13
Q

what happened at the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1972?

A

banned the research, development and use of biological agents for warfare; mandated destruction of all stocks

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14
Q

what was the USSR response?

A

continued their program because they assumed the US would not stop work either

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15
Q

what was the Sverdlovsk: Anthrax accident?

A

military compound 19 had several pounds of spores released in 1979

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16
Q

what is Biopreparat?

A

Soviet bio-research laboratories and production plants under a supposedly non-military umbrella

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17
Q

what was Vector Laboratory Complex?

A

build in Siberia in 1975; largest, most sophisticated BW facility every build

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18
Q

what was the response of bioterrorism?

A

all states and many cities have bioterrorism response plans; hospitals, labs, and first responders are aware of procedures for repeating and responding to possible events

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19
Q

what was the Strategic National Stockpile?

A

a National Repository of antibiotics, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, life-support medications, IV administration, airway maintenance supplies, and medical and surgical items

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20
Q

what are category A agents?

A

highest priority, high mortality; easily disseminated and/or person-to-person transmission

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21
Q

what are category B agents?

A

moderately easy to disseminate; moderate morbidity and low mortality

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22
Q

what are category C agents?

A

included emerging pathogens that could be engineered that are easily available; potential is there for high morbidity and mortality

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23
Q

what is overt?

A

done or shown openly

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24
Q

what is covert?

A

not openly acknowledged or displayed

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25
Q

what are emerging infections?

A

infectious diseases whose incidence in humans has increased recently

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26
Q

what are factors in infectious disease emergence?

A

human demographics; societal behavior changes; blood transfusions; human susceptibility to infection; breakdown in public health; technology and industry; international travel and commerce; economic development and land use; poverty and social inequality; and intent to harm

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27
Q

what are zoonoses?

A

diseases of animals that may be transmitted to humans under natural conditions; most have a vector

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28
Q

what are re-emerging diseases?

A

infectious diseases that were under control and are now on the rise

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29
Q

what is Zika Virus?

A

first seen in Uganda in a monkey in 1947; Brazil was the first new world case; cases in more than 30 countries in Americas

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30
Q

what is Lymes disease?

A

increased deer populations and deer mouse populations in proximity to human habitation

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31
Q

what is Mpox?

A

occurs in tropical rainforests in central and west Africa; reservoirs are rodent and primates; direct contact: lesions, respiratory tract, or mucous membranes; indirect contact: contaminated materials

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32
Q

what is ebola?

A

emerged in 1976; natural reservoir thought to be fruit bats; contact with animal leads to index case which then leads to person-person

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33
Q

what is the transmission of ebola?

A

direct contact with blood/secretions/vomit; nosocomial risk is high; indirect contact with needles; semen;

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34
Q

what are the symptoms of ebola?

A

day 7-9: headache, fatigue, fever, muscle soreness; day 10: sudden high fever, vomiting blood, passive behavior; day 11: bruising, brain damage, bleeding from nose, mouth, eyes, anus; day 12: loss of consciousness, seizures, massive internal bleeding, death

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35
Q

what are the treatment for ebola?

A

supportative care, monoclonal antibodies, experimental treatment

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36
Q

what is the Eruebo Vaccine?

A

vaccine for ebola; used ring vaccination

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37
Q

where was the last outbreak of ebola?

A

Uganda

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38
Q

what are risk factors for catching an STI?

A

engaging in sex at a young age; multiple sexual partners; sex with high risk partners; inability to use a condom; violence and sexual abuse; alcohol and drug use

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39
Q

what is chlamydia?

A

bacteria; incubation period: 2-6 weeks; treatment is antibiotics; no vaccine

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40
Q

what are symptoms of chlamydia?

A

largely asymptomatic; can lead to PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy if untreatedw

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41
Q

what are the incidence rates of chlamydia?

A

most common reportable bacterial STI in US; cases are going up

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42
Q

what is gonorrhea?

A

bacteria; incubation period: 2 days - 2 weeks; antibiotic treatment; no vaccine; antibiotic resistance is emerging

43
Q

what are symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

male: thick, pus-like discharge; burning and frequent urination
female: slight vaginal discharge; occasional fever and abdominal pain

44
Q

what are the incidence rates for gonorrhea?

A

going up by 4.6%

45
Q

what is syphilis?

A

bacteria; incubation period: 16-28 days or longer; antibiotic treatment; no vaccine; can infect unborn baby

46
Q

what are the symptoms of syphilis?

A

primary and secondary: painless sores, rash/mucous membrane lesions, most infectious stages of disease
latent and late stage: symptoms disappear; paralysis, dementia, internal organ damage and death

47
Q

what is HPV (genital warts)?

A

human papilloma virus; incubation period: months to years; no treatment; vaccine available

48
Q

what are the symptoms of HPV?

A

often asymptomatic, often resolves on its own; genital warts may appear; abnormal pap smear in women is most common indication of infection; some strains cause cervical and other cancers

49
Q

what is the incidence of HPV?

A

so common, nearly all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point; no tests to determine “HPV status”

50
Q

what is genital herpes?

A

Herpes simplex virus; incubation period: 4-10 days; no treatment to cure, antiviral to manage; no vaccine

51
Q

what are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A

most are asymptomatic; painful, itching water blisters or open sores; after sores heal, virus remains dormant in infected area and can reactivate; can spread even when no visible sores as it can spread through your skin

52
Q

what is the incidence of genital herpes?

A

572,000 new cases/year; 12% people aged 14-49 has it; on the rise

53
Q

what is hepatitis A virus?

A

fecal to oral, can be an STI; vaccine available

54
Q

what is hepatitis B virus?

A

STI and blood; no treatment; vaccine available; 14,000 new cases

55
Q

what is hepatitis C virus?

A

blood; drug treatments (expensive); no vaccine; 107,300 new chronic cases

56
Q

what are the symptoms of hepatitis?

A

often asymptomatic; flu-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting; dark urine, clay- colored BM; chronic liver disease

57
Q

what is trichomoniasis?

A

parasite; treat with anti-parasite drugs; incubation period: 5-28 days

58
Q

what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

itching, burning, pain in genitals; discharge; discomfort during sex; only 30% have symptoms

59
Q

what is the origin of HIV?

A

1900-1940: HIV enters humans multiple times from chimps in West Central Africa; colonial medicine and societal change aided virus spread; T cells gradually decline

60
Q

what is immune deficiency?

A

immune system loses part or all of its ability to fight infectious disease

61
Q

what is Kaposi’s sacroma?

A

skin cancer that can become systemic

62
Q

what are hemophiliacs?

A

blood cannot clot normally

63
Q

what was the needle exchange program?

A

provided sterile needles in exchange for dirty needles

64
Q

what is IDU?

A

injecting drug users

65
Q

what is GRID?

A

Gay-Related Immune Deficiency

66
Q

what are the 4 Hs?

A

Homo, hemophiliacs, heroine users, Haitians

67
Q

what does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency viruses

68
Q

what does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

69
Q

what is AZT?

A

first HIV antiviral drug passed; helps babies to not get AIDS from their mother

70
Q

what is HAART?

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy; used to help slow down the effects of HIV and allow people to live longer

71
Q

what is PrEP?

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV prevention

72
Q

who is Robert Gallo?

A

found out that HIV causes AIDS

73
Q

who was Luc Montagnier?

A

found the HIV virus

74
Q

who was Ryan White?

A

hemophiliac child who died from AIDS; made people more sympathetic towards AIDS patients

75
Q

who was C. Edward Koop?

A

was surgeon general under Reagan

76
Q

who was Thabo Mbeki?

A

president of South Africa

77
Q

what is Global Fund?

A

an organization created to fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria

78
Q

what is PEPFAR?

A

President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief; the US helps out other countries that have AIDS issues

79
Q

what is the 90:90:90 campaign?

A

goal of by 2020: 90% of people will know their HIV status, 90% of people will receive HIV treatment, 90% of HIV patients will have viral suppression

80
Q

what is U=U?

A

undetectable= untransmittable

81
Q

how has AIDS changed society?

A

understanding infectious diseases; patient care; patient rights movement

82
Q

what is Taino?

A

indigenous people who lived on Hispaniola

83
Q

when was the Haitian revolution?

A

1791-1804

84
Q

who is Toussaint Louverture?

A

a former slave; helps defeat the Spanish; frees the slaves and unites Hispaniola; lies when traveled to France; Haitian George Washington

85
Q

who is Napoleon?

A

ruler of France

86
Q

who was Jean- Jacque Dessalines?

A

first governor of Haiti; massacres all the French; maintains plantation style labor system; assassinated

87
Q

when did Haiti gets it’s independence?

A

Jan 1, 1804

88
Q

what happened under US occupation of Haiti?

A

1915-1934 US military in control; marines disbanded their army and started the modern Haitian Army who carried out their orders; brutal occupation; Monroe Doctrine; US supports rulers friendly to our interest

89
Q

who was Papa Doc?

A

President from 1957-1971; replaced all generals with his loyal friends; created the Tonton Macoutes in 1959; expelled foreign born catholic Bishops; 1966- got to appoint Bishops himself; embezzled a fortune from foreign aid for his personal accounts

90
Q

who was Baby Doc?

A

became president at age 19 in 1971; overthrown in 1986; continued the lavish lifestyle; opened doors to NGOs and manufacturing

91
Q

what is diaspora?

A

people originated from the land leaving; caused Haiti to lose lots of professionals

92
Q

what is Domino Theory?

A

belief that events in one country will happen in neighboring countries

93
Q

what is coup?

A

a sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a government

94
Q

who was Jean Bertrand Aristide?

A

catholic priest; preached liberation theology; elected president in 1990; first democratically elected president; coup ousted him in 1991; was reinstated in 1994; re-elected in 2000; resignation/coup in 2004

95
Q

what is Liberation Theology?

A

Christian theology that emphasizes liberation from oppression

96
Q

who was Rene Preval?

A

president elected after Aristide

97
Q

who was Michael Martelly?

A

elected after Rene Preval in 2011; did not hold elections in 2015 so parliament dissolved; resigns in 2016 without elections

98
Q

who was Jovenel Moise?

A

president elected after Michael Martelly in 2016; got assassinated

99
Q

who was Rafael Trujillo?

A

president/dictator from 1930-1961 in DR; was assassinated after Civil Warw

100
Q

who was Joaquin Balaguer?

A

president after Rafael Trujillo from 1966-1996; repressive rule, but more stability and developing democracy

101
Q

what are some factors that keep Haiti in poverty?

A

governance and politics; health; economy; food security; infrastructure; education

102
Q

what are actions we can take?

A

development of global will; development of epidemiologic and health care infrastructure; scientific development; social, cultural and religious considerations

103
Q

what can individuals do?

A

education, politics, one’s profession, charitable giving

Global Impact of Infectious Diseases (2 decks)

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