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Global Impact of Infectious Diseases > Global impact final > Flashcards

Global impact final Flashcards

1
Q

what was the Justinian Plague?

A

541 AD; Bubonic Plague; Byzantine Empire 395 to 1493; Emperor Justinian ruled Byzantine/ Eastern Roman Empire from 527 - 565

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2
Q

what were the consequences of the Justinian Plague?

A

tax collections fell; trade halted; weakened Mediterranean area; empire couldn’t be offensive, lost hold of the west; overtaken by Muslim armies in the East; started Dark Ages in Europe; Feudalism/Christianity grew

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3
Q

when was the Black Plague?

A

1347-1352

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4
Q

what were the consequences of the black death?

A

killed 25% of Europe; got rid of feudalism; Catholic church had less influence; began the Renaissance

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5
Q

what was the Black Plague disease?

A

caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis; mortality rate 5-20% treated, 50% untreated

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6
Q

how was black plague transmitted?

A

from rats to humans by fleas

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7
Q

what were the symptoms of the black plague?

A

buboes form; fever, chills, and weakness

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8
Q

what is septicemic plague?

A

can be first onset or from untreated bubonic; mortality rate: 5-20% treated, 80% untreated

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of septicemic plague?

A

fever, chills, muscle ache, bleeding under skin; gangrene on fingers and nose

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10
Q

what is pneumonic plague?

A

person to person transmission; mortality: close to 100% untreated

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?

A

fever, chills, head and muscle aches; cough with bloody sputum

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12
Q

what was the Chinese plague?

A

began in the Yunnan province in 1855; spread widely to all continents; considered active in cases by WHO until 1959; last significant outbreak was in 1945 in Peru and Argentina

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13
Q

what is smallpox?

A

caused by a virus; incubation period: 12-14 days; human only reservoir

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14
Q

how is smallpox transmitted?

A

respiratory or direct contact

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15
Q

what was smallpox like in the Americas before 1775?

A

killed most Aztecs and weakened them; numerous epidemics in the 250 years between Cortes and the American revolution

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16
Q

what was smallpox like in the early colonies?

A

small, localized outbreaks; common responses to smallpox: isolation, flee, variolation

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17
Q

what is variolation?

A

intentional exposure to smallpox through the skin

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18
Q

what was variolation in colonial America?

A

controversial; outlawed in some colonies; mostly for wealthy, urban individuals; not known or practiced in New Spain or among Native Americans

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19
Q

what was the Siege of Boston?

A

April 1775- March 1776; George Washington/ militiamen vs General Howe; smallpox is in Boston/ Brits trapped there; Washington very concerned about smallpox so doesn’t invade; March 1776 Howe evacuates; Washington sends only immune troops in; outbreak intensifies; July - inoculation begins; Sept: outbreak done

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20
Q

what happened in the Ethiopian Regiment?

A

Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia frees any slave who fights for him - Nov 1775; gets as large as 800 men; see limited action; Aug 1776: regiment disbanded 300 surviving blacks sail for NY and are discharged

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21
Q

what happened at the Siege of Quebec?

A

Nov 1775- May 1776; 1100 Continental troops arrive to attack; smallpox present in Quebec; Continentals attacked on Dec 31st- repelled and 400 taken prisoner; both sides waiting for reinforcements; smallpox taking its toll on continentals; Continental Army reaches 2500 in early April, but smallpox rampant, army down to 1900 in early May; May 6- British reinforcement arrive, attack and route the Continentals; as army retreated- smallpox is spread; Quarantine of Lake Champlain finally in mid- July; Continentals regroup, build 15 ships, stop British advance south for the year

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22
Q

when was the variolation of the troops?

A

winter 1777-78 Valley Forge

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23
Q

what are pathogens?

A

germs that cause infectious disease

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24
Q

what are some direct contact?

A

skin to skin; blood/body fluids; sexual contact; vertical transmission

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25
Q

what are some indirect contact?

A

respiratory; rectors; fecal to oral; contaminated objects

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26
Q

how did agriculture and crowd diseases go hand in hand?

A

increased population; sedentary population; trade routes/travel

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27
Q

what are characteristics of crowd diseases?

A

spread quickly/ easily; acute; results: dire or become immune; human only reservoir

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28
Q

why did more crowd diseases develop in the Old World?

A

human density; trade routes; domesticated animals

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29
Q

what was SARS?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; appears mid- Nov 2002 Guangdong providence, China;

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30
Q

what is SARS as a disease?

A

caused by novel coronavirus; related virus found in civet cats; has a natural reservoir in bats; human to human transmission erratic

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31
Q

what is MERS?

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia; respiratory transmission through close contact

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32
Q

what is Covid-19?

A

emerged in Wuhan China; Dec 31, 2019: learned of it; Jan 30,2020: declared a public health emergency of international concern; March 11, 2020: declared a pandemic

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33
Q

what are germs?

A

organisms that cause infectious disease; also called pathogens or parasites

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34
Q

what are microbes?

A

microscopic organisms; diverse

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35
Q

what is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

infectious disease are caused by pathogens

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36
Q

if not germs, then what?

A

divine punishment for sins; miasma; hexes or spells; earthquakes or eclipses; spontaneous generation

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37
Q

who was Louis Pasteur?

A

French Chemist; discoveries in microbiology provided solutions to problems: vaccines for rabies, anthrax, pasteurization, disproved spontaneous generation

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38
Q

who was Robert Koch?

A

country doctor in east Prussia; verified Germ Theory of Disease

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39
Q

what are Koch’s Postulates?

A

used to identify the cause of a disease

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40
Q

what was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

1854-1914; many pathogenic bacteria identified; early work on viruses; Germ Theory of Disease established; prevention and treatment

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41
Q

what are fungi?

A

multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts; involved in environmental process; many are beneficial

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42
Q

what are fungal pathogens?

A

no vaccines; anti-fungal drugs

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43
Q

what are parasites?

A

disease- causing protozoa, worms, or flukes; causes of some diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, meningitis, and STIs; no vaccines; anti-parasitic drugs

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44
Q

what are protozoa?

A

unicellular; Malaria, African sleeping, Giardiasis, Leishmaniasis, ameobic dysentery

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45
Q

what are bacteria?

A

very small; simple cell structure; prokaryotic; most are harmless; some are pathogens

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46
Q

what are bacterial diseases?

A

TB, plague, cholera, typhoid fever, typhus, strep throat, staph infections, whooping cough; cause some diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, meningitis and STIs; vaccines available for some; almost can be treated with antibiotics

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47
Q

what are virus?

A

acellular microbe; obligate intracellular parasite- infect all forms of life

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48
Q

what are viral disease?

A

smallpox, AIDS, dengue fever, influenza, measles, chicken pox, common cold, COVID; vaccines for many; anti-viral drugs do not exist for most viruses

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49
Q

what are infections?

A

microbe living in or on a host

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50
Q

what is colonization?

A

becomes part of microbiota

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51
Q

what is disease?

A

damage to the host

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52
Q

what is true pathogen?

A

infects anyone

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53
Q

what is opportunistic pathogen?

A

infects compromised host

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54
Q

what are determinants of health?

A

factors that influence one’s health

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55
Q

what are some factors of health?

A

individual; individual behavior; social factors; physical environment; health services; policy making

56
Q

what is public health?

A

regards the community as its patient

57
Q

what is global health?

A

study, research, and practice that occurs at a transnational level

58
Q

what is the Millennium Development goals?

A

global effort to speed development and improve global health

59
Q

what are indicators of health?

A

data/statistics that measure the level of health; life expectancy at birth; neonatal mortality rate; infant mortality rate; child mortality rate; maternal mortality ratio

60
Q

what are DALYs?

A

disability adjusted life year; a measure of lost years of health due to illness, disabilities and premature death

61
Q

what is surveillance?

A

ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data integrated with the timely dissemination of data to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease

62
Q

what is passive surveillance?

A

routine submission of reports to state, federal health agencies

63
Q

what is active surveillance?

A

country, state, or federal agents contact patients or clinic/hospitals; very labor intense- investigation level action

64
Q

what is the International Health Regulations?

A

provides a legal framework to require all countries to detect and contain infectious disease outbreaks

65
Q

what is GOARN?

A

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

66
Q

what are challenges to global surveillance?

A

financial resources lacking; lack of healthcare infrastructure; technical resources; political

67
Q

what are categories of water-related infectious diseases?

A

water-borne pathogen; inadequate water; water-based intermediate host; water- breeding insect vectors

68
Q

what is WASH?

A

water, sanitation and hygiene

69
Q

what are improved drinking water sources?

A

water protected from outside contamination

70
Q

what are NTDs?

A

Neglected Tropical Diseases; parasitic worm and bacterial infections

71
Q

what is schistosomiasis?

A

caused by fluke; bladder, intestinal, liver inflammation

72
Q

what is the transmission of schistososmiasis?

A

fecal to skin transmission; snail is intermediate host

73
Q

what is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?

A

releases eggs in urine/feces; contaminate water where snails live; snails become infected and release parasite; parasite burrows into skin

74
Q

what are symptoms of schistosomiasis?

A

acute infection: rash, itchy skin, bloody urine/diarrhea, fever, chills, cough, muscle aches;
chronic infection: children: anemia, malnutrition, learning disabilities; adults: damage liver, intensines, spleen, lungs and bladder

75
Q

what are the control measure for schistosomiasis?

A

treat humans: praziquantel; education; improved sanitation; control snails

76
Q

what are vectors?

A

organisms that transmit disease to humans by biting, vomit or feces; also mechanical transfer

77
Q

what are Malaria symptoms?

A

2 weeks after the bite; initial case: fever, headache, chills, vomiting
severe case: anemia, respiratory distress, cerebral malaria, multiple organ involvement

78
Q

what is the transmission of Malaria?

A

vector is mosquito; breeds in water

79
Q

what are the ways to control Malaria?

A

indoor residual spraying; insecticide- treated bed nets; reduce breeding grounds; treat the patient

80
Q

what is quarantine?

A

applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or may not become ill

81
Q

what is isolation?

A

applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease

82
Q

what are vaccination?

A

a safe form of an infectious agent which when given to a person, includes of protective immune response

83
Q

what are biological challenges of vaccines?

A

heat stable; effective after a single dose; applicable to a number of diseases; administered by a mucosal route; suitable for children

84
Q

what are anti-microbial drugs?

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit growth of microbes

85
Q

what is penicilin?

A

first modern natural antibiotic; 1928, Alexander Fleming

86
Q

what are the impacts of antibiotics?

A

general use began in 1950s; reduced death due to TB, pneumonia, septicemia; improved surgical outcome

87
Q

what is the Golden Age of Antibiotics?

A

from 1944 and 1972 life expectancy jumped by eight years- largely credited to the introduction of antibiotics

88
Q

what is Guinea worm?

A

NTD; caused by a parasite; water flea carries parasite; transmitted by drinking contaminated water

89
Q

what happened in 19th Century England?

A

1780-1880 industrialization led to steady economic growth and development; increases in GDP; life expectancy same or worse

90
Q

what was the Big Stink in 1858?

A

changed the thinking of Parliament and a sewer system was approved

91
Q

what is capital?

A

something of value you “possess”

92
Q

how does health drive economic growth?

A

productivity; education; investment in physical capital; demographic transition

93
Q

what is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A

provide loans to countries facing downturns

94
Q

what is the World Bank?

A

development of poor countries

95
Q

what is government?

A

body within any organization that has the authority to make, and the power enforce laws, regulations, or rules

96
Q

what are politics?

A

the process by which groups of people make decisions

97
Q

what is policy?

A

a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s)

98
Q

what makes a good government?

A

accountability; stability; rule of law; existence of an independent civil society; respect for human rights

99
Q

what did Adam Smith said government has only three functions?

A

provide protection; dispense justice; build necessary public works

100
Q

how does the government protect health: direct?

A

Medicare; Medicaid; safety organizations; water/sewer systems; public health system; government run hospitals; customs/quarantine stations

101
Q

how does the government protect health: indirect?

A

preventing poverty- safety net program; social security; supporting research; unemployment insurance; transportation systems; military, FEMA; education; park services; uncensored internet access

102
Q

what is smallpox: first vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner 1790s; increased vaccination rates through 1800s; epidemics rare, small in US by 1900; proof of vaccination was obvious

103
Q

what was the smallpox eradication?

A

300-500 million deaths in 20th century; ring vaccination aided eradication; no natural cases since 1980

104
Q

what is ring vaccination?

A

vaccinate people exposed to someone who was affected

105
Q

what was the historic opposition to vaccination?

A

Jacobson vs Massachusetts; anti-vaccination league of America; Christian scientists; physical culture; chiropractors; anti-vivisectionists; eugenicists

106
Q

what is diphtheria?

A

respiratory infection caused by a bacterium- 5-10% fatality rate; vaccines came out in the 1920s and 1930s

107
Q

what is polio?

A

feared disease; peak of epidemic 1952; National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis

108
Q

what is the Salk Vaccine?

A

polio vaccine with inactivated strain

109
Q

what is the Sabin vaccine?

A

polio vaccine with activated strain

110
Q

what was the polio eradication?

A

still remains in Pakistan and Afghanistan

111
Q

what was the Vaccination Assistance Act of 1962?

A

Federal support for state purchases of vaccines; CDC adopted the role of federal overseer of vaccine issues

112
Q

what are the vaccine exemptions?

A

medical, religious, personal belief

113
Q

what was Swine Flu in 1976?

A

massive vaccine production campaign was founded; 1 in 100,000 of those vaccinated contracted Guillain- Barre syndrome

114
Q

what is DPT vaccine?

A

diphtheria; pertussis; tetanus

115
Q

what is pertussis?

A

most dangerous to infants; bacterial upper respiratory infection

116
Q

what is Dissatisfied Parents Together (DPT)?

A

formed after the Pertussis vaccine

117
Q

what was the 1986 Vaccine Injury Compensation Bill?

A

government took over insurance of vaccines

118
Q

what was the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986?

A

written in collaboration with DPT group and American Association of Pediatricians

119
Q

what did the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act create?

A

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System; National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program; Vaccine court; Institute of Medicine to review safety of all vaccines

120
Q

what was the Comprehensive Childhood Immunization Act of 1993?

A

provided vaccines for all kids on Medicaid or lacking health care

121
Q

what is the actual risks of vaccines?

A

live vaccine- disease; allergies; side effects; contraindicated for a medical issue

122
Q

what are factors affecting vaccination rates?

A

cost; distribution; focus of effort; political commitment; religious conviction; risk; misinformation and rumors

123
Q

what was MMR and Andrew Wakefield?

A

published a paper in the Lancet stating how one of his test described the children who got the MMR vaccine to have autism

124
Q

what is thimerosal?

A

a mercury- containing preservative in some vaccines

125
Q

what are some misinformation about vaccines?

A

natural immunity is better; immune system is overloaded; the government is out to get you

126
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

the bacterium is no longer “harmed” by the drug; antibiotic use favors the survival and growth of drug- resistance bacteria –> selection

127
Q

how does resistance develop?

A

mutation and passing genes between bacteria

128
Q

what can happen at the patient level?

A

inappropriate prescriptions; not completing course of antibiotics; using expired antibiotics; self “prescribing” - unregulated drug

129
Q

what are the big users of antibiotics?

A

livestock industry; human healthcare; manufacturers who use bioreactors

130
Q

what is TB?

A

usually a respiratory disease

131
Q

what is latent TB infection?

A

asymptomatic; not contagious; needs treatment

132
Q

what is TB (active infection)?

A

symptoms: bad cough, lasting >3 weeks, cough up blood or sputum, chest pain, weakness, weightloss, no appetite, chills/ fever, night sweats; contagious; needs treatment

133
Q

what are the treatment of TB?

A

take first line drugs for 4,6, or 9 months, as prescribed, everyday

134
Q

what was the DOTS program?

A

directly observed treatment

135
Q

what is second line drugs?

A

drugs were scare, expensive and had significant side effects

Global Impact of Infectious Diseases (2 decks)

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