Unit 3 - diabetes Flashcards
3 classic symptoms of hyperglycaemia r/t diabetes
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- polydipsia
2 causes for diabetes type 1
- autoimmune (destruction of beta cells in pancreas)
- genetic predisposition + viral agent
What are long terms complications of Diabetes Mellitus?
- microvascular (e.g. retinopathy)
- macrovascular (e.g. CAD, hypertension)
what are the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis
- fatigue
- headache
- confusion
- nausea/vomiting
- blurred vision
- flushed, hot skin
- thirst
- polyuria
- rapid deep breathing
- strong fruity breath
- loss of consciousness
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
- confusion/delirium
- dizziness
- impaired vision
- blurred vision
- sweating
- extreme hunger
- shaking
- irritability
- tingling sensation around the mouth
- crying out during sleep
- pale skin
- anxiety
- heart palpitations
What is the difference between macrovascular and microvascular manifestations of disease in patients with diabetes
- Microvascular organ damage includes damage to small vessels and causes complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy.
- Macrovascular manifestations include damage to larger organ systems such as coronary disease, cerebrovascular damage and peripheral damage
what is ketoacidosis
a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones. Ketoacidosis results from the body not having enough insulin to be used for energy. Without insulin, the body breaks down fat to get the energy it needs. This can be dangerous because it causes a build-up of acids in the body.
what is hypoglycaemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar levels in the body become too low (under 4mmol/L). Hypoglycemia can be caused by having too much insulin in the body, not eating enough food, consuming too much alcohol, or exercising too vigorously
risk factors for type 2 diabetes
- over 40 yrs
- first degree relative with type 2
- hx of pre diabetes, gestational DM, delivery of a macrocosmic infant (over 9lbs)
- member of high risk population i.e. indigenous, African, asian or Latin American
gestational diabetes
- temporary
- affects approximately 3.7 % of non-indigenous women increasing to 8 to 18% of indigenous women
- increases risk of developing diabetes to both mother and child
cardinal signs of hyperglycaemia
- excessive thirst
- excessive hunger
- weight loss
- blurred vision
- fatigue
- polyuria
diabetes diagnostic testing
- plasma gluscose (fasting, random, oral glucose)
- A1C (3 mo average of blood glucose levels)
vascular risk factors of diabetes
- High cholesterol or other fats in the blood
- Hypertension
- Overweight
- Abdominal obesity
key elements in diabetes management
- education
- nutrition
- weight management
- physical activity
- insulins and oral hypoglycemics
- lifestyle management
key elements in diabetes management
- education
- nutrition
- weight management
- physical activity
- insulins and oral hypoglycemics
- lifestyle management
insulin
- hormone produced by beta cells
- only hormone that can lower blood sugar levels
- helps store glucose in liver as glycogen
- Conversion of glycogen to fat stores in muscle tissue and adipose tissue.
types of insulins
- rapid acting (clear)
- short acting (clear)
- intermediate acting (cloudy)
- long acting (clear)
- mixed (cloudy)
nursing diagnoses & goal for diabetes
- variance in metabolism
- variance in knowledge
- client will maintain blood glucose level between 4-6 mol/L
- client will understand relationship between diet and glycemic control
highest risk population for diabetes in Canada
indigenous peoples
what is hypersomolar hyperglycaemia syndrome (HHS)
- a complication of diabetes often triggered by infection or illness
- involves extremely high blood glucose levels w.o significant presence of ketones
- excess sugar passes from blood to urine which triggers a filtering process that draws tremendous amounts of fluid from your body
- left untreated can cause life-threatening dehydration and coma
- most common in elderly ppl with type 2 diabetes
