Unit 3 - Development and Learning Flashcards
What is the debate between nature and nurture in development?
Nature refers to genetics and biology, while nurture refers to the environment and experiences.
What are teratogens, and how do they affect prenatal development?
Harmful substances (alcohol and drugs) that can cause birth defects if the fetus is exposed during pregnancy.
What is Piaget’s 1st stage of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years old) Uses senses and motor skills. Items known by use. Object permanence is learned.
What is Piaget’s 2nd stage of cognitive development?
Preoperational (2-6 years old) Symbolic thinking, language used, and egocentric thinking. Imagination/experience grow, child decenters.
What is Piaget’s 3rd stage of cognitive development?
Concrete Operational (7-11 years old) Logic applied has objective/rational interpretations. Conversation, numbers, ideas, classifications.
What is Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development?
Formal Operational (12-adulthood) Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas (broader issues). Ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored.
What are Erickson’s eight stages of psycho-social development.
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. Doubt (toddler), Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool), Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age), Identity vs. Confusion (adolescence), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood), and Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood.
What are Ainsworth’s attachment styles?
Secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, disorganized.
What did Harlow’s monkey experiments show?
The importance of comfort and attachment in early development.
What are the three levels of Kohlbergs moral development theory?
Preconventional (self-interest, punishment/reward), Conventional (social rules, laws), and Post conventional (ethical principles, human rights).
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association (Pavlov’s dogs).
What is unconditioned stimulus (UCR)?
Natural response.
What is conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Previously neutral, now triggers response.
What is conditioned response (CR)?
Learned response to CS.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishments.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a reward to increase behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
What is positive punishment
Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
What is negative punishment?
Taking away something pleasant to decrease behavior.
What did Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment demonstrate?
Children imitate aggressive behavior they observe, supporting social learning theory.
What are the four types of reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio, reward after set number of responses; Variable ration, reward after unpredictable number of responses; Fixed Intervals, reward after fixed time period; and Variable Interval, reward after varying time intervals.
What is habituation?
Decreasing response to repeated stimuli over time.
