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Global Politics (christin) > Unit 3: Development > Flashcards

Unit 3: Development Flashcards

1
Q

key idea of development

A

most simply, development means a sustained increase in the standard of living in a society.

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2
Q

what do critics often refer to in the context of development?

A

Maslows hierarchy of needs

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3
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A
  • if bottom levels arent secure, top levels are difficult to achieve
  • therefore, development can be defined as the struggle to fulfill human needs, from absic biological needs to higher goals
  • other critics argue against this hierarchy: for a dignified life, all basic needs are equally as important
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4
Q

human development, capabilities

A

the necessary equipment people have to pursue a life of value

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5
Q

human development, capabilities examples

A

good health, access to knowledge, level of control over living enviornment, freedom from violence

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6
Q

economic development

A
  • economic growth
  • increase productivity and revenue
  • establish new industries
  • innovate and diversify the economy into different sectors, rather than relying on one resrouces for trade
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7
Q

socio-political development

A
  • i.e. gender equality, education levels
  • emphasises political aspects of developmenti.e. democratic and responsible governments, low corruption levels, independent and impartial legal systems
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8
Q

what economist speaks on development

A

Amartya Sen

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9
Q

Amartya Sen, what was his argument on development?

A
  • development is a way to increase peoples ability to live a free, fulfilled, happy life
  • emphasises the goals of development
  • obeserves a lot of academic debates revolve around details of policies and implementation, losing sight of the aim of development
  • economic growth doesnt automatically = development
  • notions of freedom needed
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10
Q

GDP per capita, measuring development

A
  • overall income of country divided by number of inhabitants = avg. income pp
  • GDP per capita is increasing = economic development
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11
Q

GDP per capita, measuring development PRO

A
  • simple, data on national GDP and inhabitants is easy to measure and get
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12
Q

GDP per capita, measuring development CON

A
  • does not consider how the income in a country is distributed -> unequal societies this measurement can be misleading (if the rich are getting richer, the GDP per capita is increasing, but the poor are still poor)
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13
Q

political factors that may promote or inhibit development

A

◦ ideologies
◦ history and persistence of conflict
◦ accountability
◦ stability
◦ transparency
◦ legal frameworks
◦ culture of beaucracy (extreme in Germany)
◦ political culture
◦ political consequences of different development paths
◦ vested interests

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14
Q

economic factors that may promote or inhibit development

A

◦ access to resources
◦ increasing resource constraints
◦ infrastructure
◦ debt
◦ access to capital and credit
◦ aid
◦ trade
◦ foreign direct investment
◦ income distribution
◦ informal economy
◦ vested interests

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15
Q

social factors that may promote or inhibit development

A

◦ values
◦ cultures
◦ traditions
◦ gender relations
◦ migration

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16
Q

insitutional factors that may promote or inhibit development

A

◦ the UN
◦ IMF
◦ world bank
◦ WTO
◦ partnerships between developing countries
◦ efficacy of national and local institutions

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17
Q

cultural factors that may promote or inhibit development

A
  • values and traditions associated with a social group
    ◦ traditions: beliefs / religion
  • abilities i.e. skills, language, music, dance
  • how a social group adapts to a specific territory
    ◦ not only physical territory
  • constructivism
    ◦ power dynamics -> equality and lack thereof
    ‣ gender
    ‣ religion
    ‣ cohesion (political climate)
    * pessimism
    * media
    * social divide

religion
gender equality
‣ western concept?
* segregation
◦ might be good for development of society
* inequality in biology might need to be respected in order for society to flourish
◦ certain countries can use it as an excuse not to develop in the direction of equality
◦ soft power -> can be detrimental to development
* countries where religion is very important: often underdeveloped
◦ because they don’t accept science
* cohesion could be possible through common beliefs
* want to preserve local identity
◦ development = globalisation
◦ contradiction to development
* leaders exploit religion
* state governance

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18
Q

HDI, measuring development

A
  • combines data on life expectancy, education and income
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19
Q

HDI, measuring development CONS

A

simplifies and captures only part of what human development entails. It does not reflect on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc.

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20
Q

HDI, measuring development PROS

A
  • Health, education and income are pivotal to good living standards.
  • The data used is easy-‐to-‐obtain and reliable.
  • gives the opportunity to identify how socially developed a country is
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21
Q

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), measuring development

A
  • uses a set of 26 indicators including social, environmental and economic factors which are used to measure the quality of life
  • also factors in all the intangible and unaccounted positives such as parenting, volunteer work and higher education and then lessens the costs of social and environmental setbacks (i.e deforestation, pollution)
22
Q

GPI, measuring development PROS

A
  • Includes environmental and social factors not considered in the GDP
  • Assigns values to societal contributions, such as volunteering
  • Quantifies an overall impact in a single, simple number that may be easier to compare over time
23
Q

GPI, measuring development CONS

A
  • Makes it difficult to compare GPIs due to subjectivity
  • Allows for different interpretations and calculations due to broad definition
  • May result in assumptions (at least for variables not relating to money)
24
Q

Happy Planet Index, measuring development

A
  • Measures the extent to which countries are able to provide a happy, long and suitable life for their citizens and inhabitants.
  • uses 3 factors:
    1. Life expectancy
    2. Experienced well-being (where respondents can rank their lived on a scale of 0 to 10)
    3. Ecological footprint (a per capita measure of the amount of land needed to sustain the consumption patterns of a country)
  • Countries are ranked on the basis of how many happy and long lives are produced for every unit of environmental output.
  • Wealthiest countries are ranked the lowest bc of they enviornmental impact
25
Q

Happy Planet Index, measuring development PROS

A
  • Links well-being to ecological efficiency, encouraging sustainable development
  • holisitc viewpoint
  • Recognizes the development efforts of low-income countries that balance well-being and sustainability
  • Includes subjective happiness, capturing dimensions of well-being often ignored by traditional metrics
26
Q

Happy Planet Index, measuring development CONS

A
  • Oversimplifies complex development factors by combining diverse indicators into a single measure
  • Life satisfaction scores may vary due to cultural norms and subjective perceptions
  • Penalizes industrialized nations with higher ecological footprints, even if they provide high living standards
  • Relies on consistent and accurate data across countries, which can be unreliable, especially in lower-income regions
27
Q

Rostows theory of development / modernisation theory

A
  1. Rural, agricultural society; dominated by military and religion.
  2. Lack of development; standard of living unchanged for generations.
  3. Initial infrastructure investment; trade and industries begin to grow.
  4. Rapid growth in core areas (e.g., textiles, food); desire for material goods.
  5. Industrialization expands; skilled workers and diverse industries emerge.
  6. High mass consumption; goods accessible to all; globalisation grows.
  • based on the example of industrialised Western countries
28
Q

Dependency theory

A
  • popular in 1960s and 1970s
  • roots in Marxism
  • focuses on structure of world economy as a whole
  • critique of the lack of development many countries experienced in the post-independence years

Explained that underdeveloped nations could not copy Western nations in order to develop, because they were being exploited by them. This led underdeveloped countries to adpot expensive policies to protect their economies.

29
Q

neoliberalism in economic development

A

suggested that governments should not intervene in the economy, as the free market would allow for more competition and growth. SAPs (structural adjustment programmes) were introducted to help indebted nations to grow, but they were only beneficial for some countries.

30
Q

SAPs

A
  • 1980s-1990s: Growth of supranational institutions like the World Bank and IMF.
  • Countries needing funding had to implement specific structural adjustment programs (SAPs).
  • Required economic reforms included privatization, reduced public spending, and trade liberalization.
  • Programs were harsh on the poor, often leading to increased inequality and reduced access to services.
  • PIGS (Portugal, Italy, Greece, Spain): Weakest economies in the Eurozone during the European debt crisis.
  • Northern EU countries resisted paying for the southern countries’ debt.
31
Q

factors influencing globalisation

A
  • increasing use of English as global language
  • international trade
  • information technology and social media
  • cheap air travel
  • relaxation of visa rules and border controls
32
Q

economic globalisation

A
  • significant increase in the intergration and interdependence of global economies
33
Q

political globalisation

A
  • increase of global governance beyoond nation states
  • rise in influence of IGOs and NGOs
34
Q

cultural globalisation

A
  • increased sharing of ideas, meanings and values across the world
  • cross-border flow of cultural norms, values, media products (films, books, newspapers, etc)
35
Q

impact of economic globalistion on states

A
  • freer movement of capital, prodicts and business ideas
  • greater access to cheap labour
36
Q

impact of political globalisation on states

A

gives citizens greater access to powerful groups outside of their own nation, groups that may have inlfuence over nation states

37
Q

impact of cultural globalisation on states

A

give citizens access to rights, norms, beliefs, roles, expectations they would normally not have access to in such large numbers

38
Q

impact of economic and cultural globalisation on private groups

A
  • impact on national and multinational companies
    increasing:
  • trade
  • iinvestment opportunities
  • spreading business ideas beyond nations borders
39
Q

impact of political globalisation on private groups

A
  • giving them access to international aid services and pressure groups
  • pressure groups: groups or organisations that try to influence the opinions of ordinary pepople and persuade the governement to do something
40
Q

how has globalisation impacted culture

A
  • giving members of different cultures access to ideas, products, and services from other cultures
  • requring the promotion of cultural norms on a global platform
  • cultures are becoming homogenized (increase in westernised culture around the world i.e. music, films, English language)
  • contrast: more hybridization (mixing of religious ideas and cultural norms)
41
Q

how globalsation has impacted political interaction

A
  • reducing potential for armed conflict as national economies have become increasingly dependent on other nation states
  • forcing states to cooperate more on issues raised by NGOs and IGOs
  • raises issues of accountability, especially so in states where the issues raised by NGOs and IGOs are not necessarily being raised by own cititens (globalisation furthers groups agendas i.e. improving womens rights comes in conflict with cultural norms)
42
Q

advantages of globalisation

A
  • increased economic growth bc countries have access to more markets (= workers and resources are likely to grow)
  • improved standards of living (workers who work within growth economies have more purchasing power and can access wider variety of ideas, products and services)
  • globalised countries can become more democratic as countries that are more financially open are usually more politically open
  • cultural development often leads to embracing modern ideas (womens rights, LGBTQ+ rights, etc)
43
Q

disadvantages of globalisation

A
  • growing wealth gap, as wealth can become concentraed within an elite
  • wage competition as workers have to compete with workers in other countries and pleaces pressure on wages (major companies threating to relocate to places with lower wages, which is good for cooperate wealth but not for workers)
  • price compeitions, meaning prices are lowered because globally there is a price competition
  • regulation avoidance of companies putting factories in places where they can avoide workers rights, child labour, etc
  • lack of cultural diversity, like English becoming the dominant language
44
Q

3 areas of sustainability

A
  1. economic: aims to reduce factprs that threaten economic well being
  2. social: aims to reduce factors that threaten human and social well being
  3. enviornmental: aims to reduce factors that threaten enviornmental well-being
45
Q

economic sustainability strategies

A
  • estabilishing sustainable transportation and infrastructure
  • investing in education, research, technology, entrepreneurial and workforce skills
  • increasing jobs and income through job development
  • reducing corruption
46
Q

globalisation imapct on economic sustainability

A
  • introducing new ideas can improve well-being of businesses
  • creating new opportunities which were not previosly available
  • introducing new technologies
  • reuducing tariffs between countries, and establish systems to make money flow through economy and acess to market places easier
47
Q

social sustainability strategies

A
  • empowerment of women
  • improved education
  • addressing poverty
  • improved healthcare
  • reducing corruption
  • emphasis on social justice
48
Q

globalisation impact on social sustainability

A
  • introuducing new ideas about roles of men and women
  • introducing new technologies meidcal services and cultural norms (i.e. contraception)
49
Q

UN Millenium Development Goals

A
  • 2000
  • working to achieve these by 2015
  • first time aspects like education, healthcare, sustainability, basic income considered
  • correlates with growing anxiety for environmental situation
  • big goal is to eradicate extreme poverty
50
Q

enviornmental sustainability strategies

A
  • minimise energy consumption
  • minimise water consumption
  • minimise enviornmental imapct of industry
  • minimise enviornmentla impact of transport
  • minimise waste production

Global Politics (christin) (7 decks)

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