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AP Human Geography Vocabulary > Unit 3: Culture > Flashcards

Unit 3: Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

culture

A

the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

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2
Q

cultural trait

A

a shared object or cultural practice

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3
Q

artifacts

A

a visible object or technology that a culture creates

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4
Q

sociofacts

A

a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior

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5
Q

mentifacts

A

a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

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6
Q

socially constructed

A

created jointly by people rather than an individual

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7
Q

popular culture

A

the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time

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8
Q

traditional culture

A

the long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation

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9
Q

cultural norms

A

a shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people

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10
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

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11
Q

cultural relativism

A

the evaluation of a culture by its own standards

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12
Q

cultural landscape

A

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

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13
Q

identity

A

the ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

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14
Q

sequent occupancy

A

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

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15
Q

ethnicity

A

the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

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16
Q

ethnic neighborhoods

A

a cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin

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17
Q

traditional architecture

A

an established building style of different cultures, religions, and places

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18
Q

postmodern architecture

A

a building style that emerged as a reaction to “modern” designs, and values diversity in design

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19
Q

religion

A

a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

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20
Q

pilgrimage

A

a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

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21
Q

language

A

a distinct system of communication that is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities

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22
Q

toponyms

A

a place name

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23
Q

gendered spaces

A

a space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles

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24
Q

third place

A

a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

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25
Q

sense of place

A

the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location

26
Q

placemaking

A

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

27
Q

relocation diffussion

A

the spread of ideas and cultural traits through migration

28
Q

dialects

A

a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling

29
Q

adherents

A

a person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

30
Q

denominations

A

a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations

31
Q

sect

A

a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

32
Q

centripetal force

A

a force that unites a group of peopl

33
Q

centrifugal force

A

a force that divides a group of people

34
Q

gentrification

A

the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in

35
Q

cultural hearth

A

an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse

36
Q

diffusion

A

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time

37
Q

expansion diffusion

A

the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated

38
Q

contagious diffusion

A

the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power

39
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places

40
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

41
Q

lingua franca

A

common language used among speakers of different languages

42
Q

creolization

A

the blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either original language

43
Q

cultural convergence

A

the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction

44
Q

cultural divergence

A

the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers

45
Q

acculturation

A

the process by which people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

46
Q

assimilation

A

a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other

47
Q

syncretism

A

process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new

48
Q

multiculturalism

A

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

49
Q

collectivist cultures

A

a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members

50
Q

cultural appropriation

A

the act of adopting elements of another culture

51
Q

language family

A

a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth, or region of origin

52
Q

isolate

A

a language that is unrelated to any other known language

53
Q

language branch

A

a collection of languages within a language family that share a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago

54
Q

universalizing religions

A

a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

55
Q

Christianity

A

based on the teachings of Jesus Christ that began in what is now the West Bank and Israel around the beginning of the common era and has spread to all continents

56
Q

Islam

A

based on the teachings of Muhammad that originated in the hearth of Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century

57
Q

Buddhism

A

(oldest u.r.) arose from a hearth in northeastern India some time between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries B.C.E. and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha

58
Q

Sikhism

A

(newest u.r.) founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of northwestern India

59
Q

Ethnic Religions

A

a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group living in a particular place ( Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism)

60
Q

Hinduism

A

arose a few thousand years ago in South Asia and is closely tied to India

61
Q

Judaism

A

world’s first monotheistic religion, which developed among the Hebrew people of Southwest Asia about 4,000 years ago

62
Q

secularized

A

focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns (Jews that identify through ethnicity/ culture, not the religion)

AP Human Geography Vocabulary (5 decks)

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