Unit 2 Flashcards
Population distribution
where people live in a geographic area
dispersed population
spread out
clustered population
grouped or clumped together around a central point
uniform population
spread out evenly over an area
linear population
appears to form long and narrow lines
population factors
climate, landforms, water bodies, culture, economics, history, and politics
climate
the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area
temperate climates
a climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts
landforms
the natural features of Earth’s surface
human migration
the permanent movement of people from one place to another
population density
the number of people occupying a unit of land
arithmetic density
the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density
physiological density
the total number of people per unit of arable land
arable land
land that can be used to grow crops
agricultural density
the total number of farmers per unit of arable land
subsistence agriculture
an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock for only the farmers’ families and close community
carrying capacity
the maximum population size an environment can sustain
dependency ratio
the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (age 15 to 64), multiplied by 100
sex ratio
the proportion of males to females in a population
demographics
data about the structures and characteristics of human populations
fertility
the ability to produce children
crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children one woman in a given region will have during her child-bearing years (ages 15 to 49)
mortality
deaths as a component of population change
crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births
life expectancy
the average number of years a person is expected to live
population pyramids
a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population
rate of natural increase (RNI)
rate at which a population grows as the result of BR - DR divided by ten
doubling time (DT)
the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double (assume rate remains stable)
urbanization
urban growth and development
overpopulation
the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life
neo-malthusian
describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth’s resources
demographic transition model (DTM)
Model used by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline including patterns of births, deaths, and natural increase rates (shown through stages)
epidemiological transition model (ETM)
Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop which corresponds with the stages of the DTM.
antinatalist
describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth
pronatalist
describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth
land degradation
long-term damage to the soil’s ability to support life
market
the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services
malthus malthusian theory
exponential increases in the population growth would surpass arithmetical increases in the food supply and lead to widespread famine
social values
a set of moral principles defined by society dynamics, institutions, traditions and cultural beliefs
contraception
birth control by the use of devices (antinatalist)
ravenstein’s laws of migration
Migration is typically short in distance
Migration occurs in steps
Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants
Every migration generates a counter-migration
Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrant than females
Women will migrate shorter distances
Most migration is due to economic factors
push factors
negative circumstances, events, or conditions present in a location that causes people to move away
pull factors
positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to move to that place
intervening opportunities
an opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling
intervening obstacles
barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel
forced/ involuntary migration
people relocate due to fears of violence or survival
voluntary migration
people migrate due to their own choices
slavery
Historical: Atlantic Slave Trade
16th-19th Centuries
10-12 million people
Modern Day: The UN estimates about 21 million people are enslaved today.
referred to as human trafficking.
refugees
someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence
internally displaced persons
someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border
asylum seekers
when people flee their own country they apply for asylum in another country to seek sanctuary in that country in order to get the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material assistance
transnational migration
A form of migration across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
transhumance
traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter
internal migration
migrants that travel within a country’s borders (much more likely than transnational migration)
brain drain
the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge
chain migration
immigrants migrate to a location based off of the recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location
step migration
migration typically occurs in steps, migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements
guest worker
migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers
rural-to-urban
most typical kind of migration trend, up to 55% of people live in urban areas today
remittances
money sent back to migrants’ country of origin- major economic flow
ecumene
the habitable areas of the world
Population Replacement Level (PRL)
Number of children per woman needed to keep a country’s population constant (2.1=stable)
Intraregional migration
The movement within the same region of the country
Interregional migration
Movement from one region of a country to another
