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AP Human Geography > Unit 3: Cultural Patterns & Processes > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns & Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

a group’s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects.

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2
Q

Visible Culture

A

seen in groups’ actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape.

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3
Q

Invisible Culture

A

guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions.

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4
Q

Cultural Traits

A

types of visible/invisible elements i.e. language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions.

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5
Q

Cultural Complex

A

a set of interconnected cultural traits i.e. the process of greeting someone in a different culture.

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6
Q

Taboos

A

behaviours heavily discouraged by cultures.

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7
Q

Traditional Culture

A

used to encompass traditional, folk, and indigenous cultures; all three share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices.

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8
Q

Folk Culture

A

beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people (often living in rural areas that are isolated and slow to change). They demonstrate how humans adapt to their physical environment.

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9
Q

Indigenous Culture

A

when members live in their ancestral lands and possess unique cultural traits (i.e. exclusive language); many have been displaced from their original lands.

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10
Q

Globalization

A

refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970’s, and has had profound impacts on culture.

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11
Q

Popular Culture

A

when cultural traits (i.e. clothes, music) spread over a large area very quickly; usually are short-living and also begins in an urban area and diffuses from there.

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12
Q

Horizontal Diversity

A

own, distinct languages and customs yet people in the group are homogenous i.e. traditional cultures.

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13
Q

Vertical Diversity

A

multiethnic neighborhoods exist and people in the area are heterogenous; usually in urban areas i.e. popular cultures.

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14
Q

Artifacts/Material Culture

A

tangible things that can be perceived by the senses i.e. food, sports.

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15
Q

Mentifact/Nonmaterial Culture

A

intangible concepts such as beliefs and values.

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16
Q

Sociofacts

A

the ways people organize societies and their relation; embodied through family, govt., etc.

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17
Q

Placelessness

A

phenomenon when modern cultural landscapes exhibit homogeneity i.e. similarity between Chicago and LA.

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18
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

the visible reflection of culture i.e. China’s houses are different than Germany’s.

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19
Q

Traditional Architecture

A

style that reflects a local culture’s history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment i.e. Spanish adobe houses.

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20
Q

Contemporary Architecture

A

style that uses multiple advancements to curve, rotate, and stretch the limits of size/height of buildings.

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21
Q

Ethnicity

A

membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, or history.

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22
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

clusters of people of the same ethnicity in an urban area.

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23
Q

Gendered Spaces

A

areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate i.e. women’s restrooms.

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24
Q

Cultural Regions

A

regions that are usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity.

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25
Q

Sacred Places

A

specific places/natural locations that have religious significance i.e. Mecca in Saudi Arabia.

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26
Q

Christian Landscape

A

churches (cross, original architecture: Mediterranean dome shapes or steep-pitched roofs), bury the dead underground.

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27
Q

Hindu Landscape

A

temples (complex sculptures of deities/characters, located near rivers as they are considered holy), cremation (burning of the dead).

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28
Q

Buddhist Landscape

A

meditation/harmonizing with nature (represented in stupas), pagodas (used as temples), usually cremate.

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29
Q

Jewish Landscape

A

synagogues/temples, which vary in size based on how many Jews are in the area, bury the dead.

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30
Q

Diaspora

A

scattering of a group of people because of persecution or oppression.

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31
Q

Islamic Landscape

A

mosque (dome architecture with complex Islamic writing), burial of the dead.

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32
Q

Shinto Landscape

A

cultural hearth lies in Japan and emphasizes relation between one and nature, torii (gateway from outside world to sacred space).

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33
Q

Charter Group

A

first group to establish cultural/religious customs in a space i.e. Native Americans in North America.

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34
Q

Ethnic Islands (Rural)

A

ethnic concentrations in rural areas, maintain strong sense of cohesion.

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35
Q

Ethnic Islands (Urban)

A

occupied by migrants who settle in a charter group’s former space.

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36
Q

Sequence Occupancy

A

ethnic groups moving in and out of neighborhoods which creates new cultural imprints on the landscape.

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37
Q

Neolocalism

A

process of re-embracing the uniqueness of a place i.e. neighborhood hosts festival to celebrate food, history, etc.

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38
Q

Cultural Patterns

A

consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space.

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39
Q

Culture Hearth

A

where a religion/ethnicity starts.

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40
Q

Regional Religious Patterns in the U.S.

A

Congregationalists are still strong New England; Baptists/Methodists are most common in the Southeast; Lutherans live mostly in the Midwest; Mormons live in Utah; Roman Catholics are common in the Northeast/Southwest; Jews, Muslims, & Hindus live in urban areas.

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41
Q

Nationality

A

based on people’s connection with a country.

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42
Q

Centripetal Forces

A

forces that unify a group of people or a region i.e. common heritage, common language, etc.

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43
Q

Centrifugal Forces

A

forces that divide a group of people or a region i.e. different languages, separate pasts, dictatorship, etc.

44
Q

Sharia

A

the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from the Qur’an.

45
Q

Blue Laws

A

laws that restrict certain things on Sundays i.e. the restriction of selling of alcohol on Sunday.

46
Q

Food Taboos

A

prohibitions against eating certain things i.e. many Hindus don’t eat beef, and many Jews/Muslims don’t eat pork.

47
Q

Fundamentalism

A

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith; believe that people should live traditional lives based on the holy book.

48
Q

Theocracies

A

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws i.e. Iran.

49
Q

Ethnocentric

A

belief that their own cultural group is more important and superior to others’ culture; don’t seek to understand different cultures.

50
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

the concept that a person’s or group’s beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the other group’s perspective.

51
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture i.e. dressing up as an inaccurate Indigenous costume for Halloween.

52
Q

Diffusion

A

spread of information, ideas, behaviours, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas.

53
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

the spread of culture/cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their culture with them.

54
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

spread of cultural traits outwards through exchange without migration.

55
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

cultural trait spreads continuously out from its hearth through contact among people.

56
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth/influence.

57
Q

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

A

cultural traits diffused from a group of lower status to a group of higher status.

58
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

when an underlying idea from the hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting culture modifies/rejects one trait.

59
Q

Imperialism

A

includes variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.

60
Q

Colonialism

A

type of imperialism where people move and settle into the land of another country.

61
Q

Animism

A

the belief that non-living objects, like mountains and rivers, possess spirits.

62
Q

Native Speakers

A

those who use the language they learned from birth.

63
Q

Lingua Franca

A

a common language used by people who don’t share the same native language.

64
Q

Slang

A

words used informally by a segment of the population.

65
Q

Pidgin Language

A

a simplified mixture of two languages.

66
Q

Creole Language

A

two languages that have culminated and developed more structured rules, so they are no longer a pidgin language.

67
Q

Social Constructs

A

ideas, concepts, and perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature.

68
Q

Time-Space Convergence

A

greater interconnection between places because of improved transportation.

69
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

cultures becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs.

70
Q

Cultural Divergence

A

idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes.

71
Q

Linguists

A

scientists who study languages.

72
Q

Language Tree

A

shows relationship between languages.

73
Q

Indo-European Language Family

A

large group of languages that descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago i.e. Hindi, Russian, English, Welsh, French.

74
Q

Romance Languages

A

unifying language of Latin splitting into multiple languages i.e. Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, French, Romanian.

75
Q

Isoglosses

A

boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage.

76
Q

Dialects

A

regional variations of a language; can create subregions.

77
Q

Adages

A

sayings that attempt to express a truth about life.

78
Q

Toponyms

A

names of places.

79
Q

Official Language

A

a language designated by law to be the language of government.

80
Q

Homogenous

A

made up of similar ethnic groups i.e. Slovenia, Japan.

81
Q

Adherents

A

believers in their faith.

82
Q

Ethnic Religions

A

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers i.e. Hinduism and Judaism.

83
Q

Universal Religions

A

actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic background i.e. Christianity and Islam.

84
Q

Hinduism

A

polytheistic; believe in karma; worked closely with caste system; reincarnation.

85
Q

Polytheistic

A

having many gods.

86
Q

Monotheistic

A

having one god.

87
Q

Karma

A

idea that behaviours have consequences in the present or future life.

88
Q

Caste System

A

rigid class structure that helped shape Indian society.

89
Q

Buddhism

A

grew out of the teachings of Siddhartha (Buddha); accepted Hindu beliefs but rejected caste system; 4 Noble Truths sought to eliminate suffering through Eightfold Path; goal is nirvana.

90
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

summary of Buddha’s doctrines (sought to eliminate suffering through Eightfold Path).

91
Q

Eightfold Path

A

8 steps to achieve nirvana and stop suffering.

92
Q

Sikhism

A

founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab; stresses serving others and hard work; Singh and Kaur to create more equal society; gurdwara.

93
Q

Gurdwara

A

Sikh place of worship; required to have a food kitchen that serves people of all faith.

94
Q

Judaism

A

first monotheistic religion; Torah expresses divine will; used to live in North Africa and Middle East but started to find new home and began migration to U.S.; Holocaust.

95
Q

Torah

A

Jew holy book that expresses divine will.

96
Q

Holocaust

A

large persecution and genocide of Jews during World War 2 by Nazi Germany; 6 million Jews were killed.

97
Q

Christianity

A

began with teachings of Jesus; emphasized love and faith; spread from Middle East to Europe and the Americas and even Africa; 3 types (Protestant, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox).

98
Q

Islam

A

believe that Allah revealed teachings through a series of prophets (Muhammad was final prophet); Muhammad shared them through Qur’an; 5 pillars; Sharia; 2 subdivisions (Sunni and Shia).

99
Q

Five Pillars

A

ritual prayer 5 times a day. belief in only Allah, haj (travel to Mecca once in your life); almsgiving, and fasting during Ramadan.

100
Q

Sunni

A

subdivision of Islam; 90% of adherents.

101
Q

Shia

A

subdivision of Islam; 10% of adherents; Pakistan, India, Iran, Iraq, Yemen.

102
Q

Pilgrimage

A

religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of their religion.

103
Q

Acculturation

A

when ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining their own culture.

104
Q

Assimilation

A

when ethnic group cannot be distinguished from receiving group.

105
Q

Syncretism

A

fusion of two cultural traits to create a new cultural trait.

106
Q

Multiculturalism

A

the coexistence of several cultures in one place with the idea that all cultures are worth studying.

107
Q

Nativist

A

anti-immigrant.

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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