Unit 2: Population & Migration Patterns & Processes Flashcards
Population Distribution
the pattern of human settlement; spread of people across the earth i.e. sparse population distribution in the Sahara Desert.
Population Density
measure of the average population per square mile/kilometer of an area; measures how crowded a place is.
Social Stratification
the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity; factors that influence a city’s population can result in a distribution that reflects this.
Arithmetic Density
calculated by dividing the total population by the total area; says little about population distribution and doesn’t indicate where they live inside that total area.
Physiological Density
calculated by dividing the total population by the total arable land; a large difference between arithmetic and physiological density means only a small % of land is arable; a high physiological density indicates a need for more food output.
Agricultural Density
calculated by dividing the total number of farmers by the total arable land; indicates farmers’ efficiency; a high agricultural density indicates that the country relies more on labor, while a lower agricultural density indicates that the country relies more on technology.
Arable
land suited for growing crops
Redistricting
political boundary adjustments due to changes in population; result in larger-in-area rural districts and smaller-in-area urban districts.
Infrastructure
refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities i.e. sewer systems, electrical grids, roads/bridges.
Overpopulation
having more people than it can support
Carrying Capacity
the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment.
Population Pyramid
graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex; can provide information on birth/death rates, average life time, and economic development.
Cohorts
age groups i.e. 0-4, 25-32.
Birth Deficit
slowdown of births, such as during a war.
Baby Boom
a phenomenon in which birth rates spike due to peace and stability after hostility; may last a few years or stretch over many years i.e. the Boomer generation after WW2.
Baby Bust
a phenomenon which occurs after the baby boom; birth rates slow down. This continues until boomers reach childbearing age.
Echo (Boom)
a phenomenon which occurs when boomers are at childbearing age; a bump appears in the population pyramid as boomers are having kids.
Potential Workforce
people ages 15-65 (the group expected to be society’s labor force).
Dependent Population
people outside the age limits of the potential workforce; considered too young or too old and are expected to rely on the potential workforce.
Dependency Ratio
the comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population.
Immigrant
people who moved into the country
Emmigrant
people who moved out of the country
Crude Birth Rate
number of live births for each 1000 people
Total Fertility Rate
average number of children per woman
Life Expectancy
the average number of years someone lives
Infant Mortality Rate
number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 children
Crude Death Rate
number of deaths for each 1000 people
Rate of Natural Increase
percent at which a population is growing or declining (without the impact of migration) ([CBR-CDR]/10)
Population Doubling Time
amount of time it takes to double a population (70/growth rate per year)
Demographic Transition Model
a model that shows five stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize
Stage 1 of the DTM
high/fluctuating birth rate (to help out) and high mortality rate (because of disease); low population growth; very young population; shrub population pyramid with narrow top and large base
Stage 2 of the DTM
still high birth rate (due to desires for large families) but low mortality rate (because of agriculture); very high population growth; very young population; tree population pyramid i.e. Mali, South Sudan
Stage 3 of the DTM
declining birth rate (due to urbanization) and low mortality rate; population growth rate is slowing down; young population with a rising life expectancy; house population pyramid i.e. Turkey, India, Mexico
Stage 4 of the DTM
birth rate and mortality rate reach equilibrium (stable population growth); life expectancy reaches peak; box population pyramid i.e. the US, China
Stage 5 of the DTM
birth rate goes below mortality rate, creating a declining population; older population; cup population pyramid i.e. Japan, Ukraine
Epidemiological Transition Model
a model that shows the predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries undergo as they develop.
Thomas Malthus
an early economist and author of An Essay on the Principle of Population; created Malthusian Theory
Malthusian Theory
the theory that food production would grow linearly while population would grow exponentially; when food production was less than population growth, crisis, war, famine, and other struggles would occur
Ester Boserup
a Danish economist who emphasized the positive effects of population growth and created the Boserup Theory, a sharp contrast of the Malthusian Theory.
Boserup Theory
a theory that suggests when a population grows exponentially, more labor is available, therefore food production will increase sharply. When stress is put on the current agricultural system, invention occurs, and food production increases.
Neo-Malthusians
people who still accept the Malthusian Theory today; argue that population growth is a serious issue for the present and future i.e. the Sahel in which the population will triple but they have no food sources
Anti-Natalist Policies
policies that attempt to limit birth rates i.e. “later, longer, fewer” and One Child Policy in China, “Stop at Two” in Singapore
One Child Policy
a response to the “later, longer, fewer” policies; launched in China in 1979 and limited parents to have only one children; parents preferred males; policy was revised in 2016 to 2 children
Gender Preference
due to beliefs, many people believe that males are better and more economically advantageous than females, who are a financial burden; ideas exist in countries like China & India
Pro-Natalist Policies
policies that attempt to grow birth rates i.e. free healthcare, paid leave for mothers, ads supporting pregnancy, “Have Three or More” program in Singapore
Migration
permanent/semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.
Voluntary Migration
movement made by choice.
Push Factors
negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that cause them to move out.
Pull Factors
positive circumstances, events, or conditions present at another location that cause them to move out.
Economic Factors
lack jobs/opportunities, so they migrate for better economic stability i.e. farmers in rural China (1950).
Social Factors
experience discrimination and persecution because of their identity, so they migrate to practice their beliefs and live more freely i.e. Mormon migration, India/Pakistan Partition.
Political Factors
oppose the policies of the current government, so they migrate to go to countries that represent their ideas better and feel safer i.e. Anti-Communists in Cuba (1959), the Dalai Lama and Tibetan officials in China (1950).
Environmental Factors
natural disasters/other uncomfortable environmental conditions occur, so they migrate to escape harm i.e. the Fukushima Nuclear Plant.
Demographic Factors
unbalanced demographically, so they move out for social stability (too many men so they can’t find women to marry, too much of a youth population so the country becomes overpopulated) i.e. Farmers in Europe (1800’s).
Migration Transition Model
created by Zelinsky; argues that people in countries in the DTM Stages 2-3 move to countries in the DTM Stages 4-3 (overpopulation acts as the push factor as there are less opportunities).
Intervening Obstacles
barriers that make reaching the desired location difficult i.e. laws restricting immigration, deserts/oceans, walls/fences, costs of migration.
Intervening Oppurtunities
opportunities people encounter en route that disrupts their original migration plan i.e. a job is found on the way.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
short distances (longer, the less likely people will migrate); urban areas (longer distance, the more likely they will settle in an urban area); multiple steps (most migration occurs through step migration); urban to rural; countermigration (every migration flow has an opposite flow); youth (more younger people migrate); gender (males usually migrate more, but female migrants are increasing)
Gravity Model of Migration
assumes the size/distance of a city or country will influence the amount of interactions that include travel, migration, and economic activity (larger the population, the more pull it will have for migrants, but more distance, pull decreases) i.e. Cubans fleeing to Miami.
Step Migration
the process in which migrants move to their final destination using a series of smaller moves.
Rural-to-Urban Migration
when people move from agricultural areas to cities i.e. in India.
Counter Migration
each migration flow produces a flow in the opposite direction i.e. Mexicans moving to US and Americans/Mexicans moving to Mexico (Americans intrigued by warm weather/other pull factors).
Return Migration
immigrants moving to their former home.
Forced Migration
when migrants have no choice to move.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP’s)
when people move to another part of the country because of danger where they live i.e. the Syrian Civil War.
Refugees
when people move to another country because of danger where they live i.e. the Syrian Civil War.
Asylum
protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of death or harm if they returned.
Internal Migration
movement that occurs within the country.
Transnational Migration
movement that occurs internationally.
Chain Migration
when people migrate because of family, friends, or community, and they move to places near them.
Guest Workers
transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally (common in Middle East).
Transhumance
process of herders moving with their animals.
Guest-Worker Policies
policies that regulate who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time.
Family Reunification Policies
policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.
Xenophobia
a strong dislike of people of other cultures.
Remittance
money sent to family and friends in the country they left (greatly supports individuals receiving them).
Brain Drain
highly skilled people leaving poorer countries.
Ethnic Enclaves
neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group i.e. “Little Italy,” “Chinatown.”
The Great Migration
1917; Americans migrated from the South to cities in North (pull factor was job opportunities as European migrants decreased because of WWI).
Sunbelt Migration
Americans migrating from the North to the belt from Southern California to Florida because of better weather, expansion of defense-related jobs in the South, and better conditions (with the invention of the AC).
