Unit 3 - CHANNELS: PERMANENT DIPLOMACY - EMBASSIES

Question 1

Principle of mutual recognition between states

Answer 1

State does not acquire political existence by recognition of other states but by virtue of meeting the requirements of statehood. When a state engages in the recognition of other states, is a political decision on whether it will enter into diplomatic relations with the other country.

Question 2

Requirements of statehood

Answer 2

It has a population
Territory
An effective government
The capacity to enter into international relations

Question 3

Division of types of diplomacy

Answer 3

• Permanent diplomacy:
  Bilateral: resident embassies - diplomatic missions & consular missions
  Multilateral: Permanent or resident missions to international Organisations - Permanent representation
• Ad hoc diplomacy:
  Special missions
  Conferences and summits

Question 4

Difference between an embassy, consulate and representations

Answer 4

An embassy is larger and more important than a consulate and it s located in a country’s capital city, it is responsible for representing the home country and handling major diplomatic issues, the ambassador is the highest official there.

A consulate is smaller version of an embassy, is located in the largest tourist city of a country, not the capital, the consul is the chief diplomat, they handle minor diplomatic issues ( issuing visas, aiding in trade relationships, taking care of migrants…)

Representation (resident mission in an IO, delegate): headed by an ambassador + diplomatic colleagues with wide authority from their governments in the international microcosm involved.

Question 5

Legal instruments

Answer 5

Vienna convention on diplomatic relations 1961
Vienna convention on consular relations 1963
Vienna convention on the representation of states in their relations with IO of a universal character 1975

Question 6

Functions of embassies

Answer 6

5:
Representation
Cooperation
Negotiation
Information
Protection

Question 7

Representation function of embassies

Answer 7

The ambassador represents its country, it deals with some issues such as trade, financing and welfare. The action of the diplomatic agent is the channel through which the will, interests menas of rights reinforcement and the view is expressed. It also participates in all kind of events

Question 8

Protection function of embassies

Answer 8

Diplomatic missions only protect the interests of the state in the political, economic cultural and many other areas and now also its nationals in the face of any injustice, abuse or inappropriate behavior of te destination state. Concept of diplomatic protection. State-to state action

Question 9

Negotiation function of embassies

Answer 9

• Diplomatic negotiation is aimed to:
  Conclude international commitments, treaties, agreements,
  Establish legal norms
  Increase political economic legal or social understanding
  Reinforcing friendly ties with other states. (Promoting cooperation)
  To prevent and solve conflicts
  To maintain peace
• Negotiations can be: oral, written and mixed. Being the most common ones the mixed type
  1st: negotiators talk about the topic and
• if the reach an agreement-
  2nd: it will be reflected in writing —> to be translated into legal instruments

Question 10

Information function of embassies

Answer 10

The conditions and developments in the receiving state must be reported to the home government by lawful means.

To do that correctly, the mission must be aware of the context situation of the country (economy, politics, social, cultural environment). Must interact with political, economic, religious and cultural figures , as universities, media and other social circles to be well informed.

Question 11

Cooperation function of embassies

Answer 11

Engendering goodwill: the spirit hat influences all diplomacy: establishing peaceful relations through negotiations, meting visits etc. cultural links are also useful