unit 3 cellular process Flashcards
What is metabolism?
all of the chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolic pathways
series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules
catabolic pathways
Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Anabolic Pathways
Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds
Kinetic energy
energy in motion
Thermal energy
Heat energy, associated with the movement of atoms or molecules
Potential energy
stored energy
chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Organisms obtain energy by ___ the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in a _____ reaction
breaking, hydrolysis
Phosphorylation
the released phosphate moves to another molecule to give energy
Enzymes
macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy
Induced fit
enzymes will change the shape of their active site to allow the substrate to bind better
The efficiency of enzymes can be affected by
temperature, pH, chemicals
Cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers
- Inorganic cofactors consist of metals
-Can be bound loosely or tightly
Holoenzyme
enzyme with its cofactor
coenzymes
organic cofactors (vitamins)
competitive inhibitors
reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates by binding to the active site
noncompetitive inhibitors
bind to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site preventing substrates from binding
allosteric activator
substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme in order for the active site to remain open
allosteric inhibitor
substrate binds to the allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites are closed
cooperativity
substrate binds to active site which stabilizes the active form
autotrophs vs heterotrophs
auto: organisms that produce their own food from simple substances
hetero: organisms unable to make their own food so they live off other organisms
cyanobacteria
early prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis
whats the location of photosynthesis
chloroplast
whats the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O+light–>C6H12O6+6O2
oxidation is the ____ of electrons
reduction is the ___ of electrons
- loss
- gain
where do light dependent reaction occur in?
thylakoid
inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions
inputs: h20, adp, nadp+
outputs: o2, atp, nadph
where does the calvin cycle take place
stroma
inputs and outputs of calvin cycle
inputs: 3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
outputs: 1 G3P, 6 ADP, 6 NADP+
3 steps of calvin cycle
- carbon fixation
- reduction
- regeneration of RuBp
formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
- glycolysis
inputs: c6h12o6 + 2ATP
outputs: 2NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)
pyruvate oxidation
inputs: 2 pyruvate, NAD+
outputs: 2 acetyl CoA, 6NADH, 2Co2
krebs cycle
inputs: 2 acetyl CoA, NAD+. FADH, ADP
outputs: 2FADH2, 2 ATP, 6NADH, 4CO2
electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
inputs: FADH, NADH
outputs: 26-28 ATP
name where the processes of cellular respiration occur
- glycolysis: cytosal
- pyruvate oxidation: mitochondrial matrix
- krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix
- oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria
how do organisms produce ATP without the absence of oxygen?
fermentation and anaerobic respiration (prokaryotes)
alcohol fermentation vs lactic fermentation
alcohol: pyruvate is converted to ethanol
lactic: pyruvate forms into lactate
