unit 3 cellular process Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all of the chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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4
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

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6
Q

Thermal energy

A

Heat energy, associated with the movement of atoms or molecules

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7
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

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9
Q

Organisms obtain energy by ___ the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in a _____ reaction

A

breaking, hydrolysis

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10
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the released phosphate moves to another molecule to give energy

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy

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12
Q

Induced fit

A

enzymes will change the shape of their active site to allow the substrate to bind better

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13
Q

The efficiency of enzymes can be affected by

A

temperature, pH, chemicals

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14
Q

Cofactors

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers
- Inorganic cofactors consist of metals
-Can be bound loosely or tightly

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15
Q

Holoenzyme

A

enzyme with its cofactor

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16
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors (vitamins)

17
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates by binding to the active site

18
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site preventing substrates from binding

19
Q

allosteric activator

A

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme in order for the active site to remain open

20
Q

allosteric inhibitor

A

substrate binds to the allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites are closed

21
Q

cooperativity

A

substrate binds to active site which stabilizes the active form

22
Q

autotrophs vs heterotrophs

A

auto: organisms that produce their own food from simple substances
hetero: organisms unable to make their own food so they live off other organisms

23
Q

cyanobacteria

A

early prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis

24
Q

whats the location of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

25
whats the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O+light-->C6H12O6+6O2
26
oxidation is the ____ of electrons reduction is the ___ of electrons
- loss - gain
27
where do light dependent reaction occur in?
thylakoid
28
inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions
inputs: h20, adp, nadp+ outputs: o2, atp, nadph
29
where does the calvin cycle take place
stroma
30
inputs and outputs of calvin cycle
inputs: 3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH outputs: 1 G3P, 6 ADP, 6 NADP+
31
3 steps of calvin cycle
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBp
32
formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
33
1. glycolysis
inputs: c6h12o6 + 2ATP outputs: 2NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)
34
pyruvate oxidation
inputs: 2 pyruvate, NAD+ outputs: 2 acetyl CoA, 6NADH, 2Co2
35
krebs cycle
inputs: 2 acetyl CoA, NAD+. FADH, ADP outputs: 2FADH2, 2 ATP, 6NADH, 4CO2
36
electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
inputs: FADH, NADH outputs: 26-28 ATP
37
name where the processes of cellular respiration occur
1. glycolysis: cytosal 2. pyruvate oxidation: mitochondrial matrix 3. krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix 4. oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria
38
how do organisms produce ATP without the absence of oxygen?
fermentation and anaerobic respiration (prokaryotes)
39
alcohol fermentation vs lactic fermentation
alcohol: pyruvate is converted to ethanol lactic: pyruvate forms into lactate