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AP Bio S2 > Heredity Unit 5 > Flashcards

Heredity Unit 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

the study of heredity and heredity variation

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2
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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3
Q

asexual vs sexual reproduction

A

asexual:
- single individual
- no fusion of gametes
- clones: offspring are exact copies of parent
- through mitosis
sexual:
- two parents
- offspring are unique combination of genes from parents
- genetically varied from parents and siblings

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4
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genetic information

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5
Q

_____ have DNA that is packaged in chromosomes

A

eukaryote

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6
Q

what are autosomes

A

chromosomes that do not determine sex (humans have 22 pairs)

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7
Q

fertilization

A

when a sperm cell (haploid) fuses an egg. (haploid) to form a zygote (diploid)

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8
Q

meiosis

A

a process that creates haploid gamete cells in sexual reproducing diploid organisms
- results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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9
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis:
-somatic cells, 1 division, results in 2 diploid daughter cells, daughter cells are genetically identically
meiosis:
forms gametes, 2 divisions, results in 4 haploid daughter cells, each daughter cell is genetically unique

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10
Q

prophase I

A
  • synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up and connect to each other to form a tetrad.
  • crossing over: occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between homologous chromosomes.
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11
Q

metaphase I

A

Independent orientation: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

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12
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous pairs separate
-sister chromatids are still attached

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13
Q

telophase and cytokinesis I

A
  • nuclei and cytoplasm divide
  • now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell
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14
Q

prophase II

A

-spindle forms

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15
Q

metaphase II

A
  • chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
  • chromatids are unique
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16
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

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17
Q

telophase and cytokinesis II

A
  • 4 haploid cells
  • nuclei will reappear
  • each daughter cell is genetically unique
18
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup (alleles) for an organism

19
Q

phenotype

A

an organisms appearance which is determined by a genotype

20
Q

testcrosses help

A

determine whether if dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

21
Q

principles of heredity

A
  1. law of segregation
  2. law of independent assortment
22
Q

allele

A

alternate form of a gene

23
Q

Mendel 4 concepts

A
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for
    variations in inherited characteristics
  2. For each character, an organism inherits
    two alleles of a gene, one from each parent.
  3. If two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele
    determines the appearance and the recessive allele
    has no noticeable effect
  4. Law of segregation: the two alleles for the same trait
    separate during gamete formation and end up in
    different gametes
24
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

25
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A

a cross between the F1 hybrids

26
Q

law of independent assortment

A

genes for one trait are not inherited with genes of another trait
- This law only applies to: genes that are located on
different chromosomes (not homologous) OR
genes that are very far apart on the same
chromosome

27
Q

a heterozygous dyhybrid will produce what ratio?

A

Produces a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

28
Q

if a trait is x-linked then

A

males are more commonly affected than females

29
Q

Many traits do not follow the ratios predicted by Mendel’s law why?

A
  1. varying degrees of dominance
  2. many traits are produced through multiple genes acting together
  3. some traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes
  4. some genes are adjacent or close to one another on the same chromosome and will segregate as a unit
  5. some traits are a result of non-nuclear inheritance (chloroplast n mitochondria)
30
Q

incomplete dominance

A
  • neither allele is fully dominant
  • F1 generation has a phenotype that is mix with the parental generation
  • ex: red with white will produce pink offspring
31
Q

codominance

A
  • two alleles that affect phenotype are both expressed
  • human blood group
  • type AB blood- A and B are both expressed
32
Q

multiple alleles

A

genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles
- human blood type- iA, iB, i

33
Q

epistasis

A

the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus
- ex: coat color in labs and some mice

34
Q

sex linked genes

A

genes found on either x or y chromosome

35
Q

fathers can pass x linked alleles to all ____ but none of their ____
and
mother can pass x linked alleles to _____

A
  1. daughters, sons
  2. both daughter and sons
36
Q

if an x-linked trait is due to a recessive allele.

A
  1. females will only express trait is they’re homozygous
  2. Because males only have one X chromosome,
    they will express the trait if they inherit it from
    their mother
    ■ They are called hemizygous (since the term
    heterozygous does not apply)
    ■ Due to this males are much more likely to have
    an X-linked disorder
37
Q

name the 3 x-linked disorders

A
  1. duchenne muscular dystrophy: progressive weakening of muscles
  2. hemophilia: inability to properly clot blood
  3. color blindness: inability to correctly see colors
38
Q

the inactive x in each cell of a female condenses into a __

A

Barr body (helps regulate gene dosage in females

39
Q

tay-sachs disease

A
  • autosomal recessive disease
  • mutated HEXA gene
  • body fails to produce an enzyme that breaks down lipids
  • affects the nervous system and leads to blindness
40
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • autosomal recessive disease
  • sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin molecules
  • mutated HBB gene
41
Q

non-disjunction

A

chromosomes are unable to separate properly during meoisis I or II
- karyotypes can detect this
ex: down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21

AP Bio S2 (7 decks)

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