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AP Biology > Unit 3 - Cellular Energetics > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cellular Energetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions?

A

enzymes

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2
Q

Enzymes are ___________.

A

macromolecules

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3
Q

Substrates have a unique ______ and _______.

A

size, shape

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4
Q

Most enzymes are __________.

A

proteins

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5
Q

______ _______ must be maintained for an enzyme’s functionality

A

Tertiary shape

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6
Q

Enzymes have a region called an ________ _______.

A

active site

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7
Q

What is a molecule that can interact with an enzyme?

A

substrate

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8
Q

An enzyme’s active site SPECIFICALLY interacts with __________.

A

substrates

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9
Q

Substrates can have chemical ______ or not.

A

charges

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10
Q

Physical/chemical properties of the substrate MUST BE _______ with the enzyme’s ACTIVE SITE for a reaction to occur.

A

compatible

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11
Q

________ changes can occur to align with substrate

A

Slight

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12
Q

Enzyme names often indicate the ________ or chemical ______ involved.

A

substrate, reaction

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13
Q

Enzyme names often end in _____.

A

-ase

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14
Q

Enzymes are _________.

A

REUSABLE

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15
Q

Enzymes are NOT CHEMICALLY _________ by the reaction.

A

CHANGED

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16
Q

Enzymes are ________.

A

REUSABLE

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17
Q

Cells typically contain a _________ enzyme __________.

A

SPECIFIC, concentration

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18
Q

Enzymes can facilitate ________ or ________ reactions

A

synthesis, digestion (hydrolysis)

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19
Q

Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by __________ activation energy requirements.

A

LOWERING

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20
Q

Enzymes are ________ catalysts, typically _______, that _____ up biochemical reactions.

A

biological, proteins, speed

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21
Q

Enzyme structure is very _______ resulting in each enzyme on facilitating ______ type of reaction.

A

specific, ONE

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22
Q

What is the initial starting energy for a reaction called?

A

Activation energy

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23
Q

Reactions result in a net _________ of energy or a net _________ of energy.

A

release, absorption

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24
Q

Typically, reactions involving a net RELEASE of energy require ______ activation energy compared to reactions involving a net ABSORPTION of energy.

A

LESS

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25
Q

Enzymes _______ the activation energy requirement of all enzyme-mediated reactions, ________ the rate of reactions.

A

LOWER, accelerating

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26
Q

In an enzyme SYNTHESIS reaction, what is the product?

A

Synthesized substrate

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27
Q

In an enzyme DIGESTION reaction, what is the product?

A

Hydrolyzed substrate = substrate separation and production of water molecule(s)

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28
Q

__________ procedures should ALIGN with the _________ question.

A

Experimental, TESTABLE

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29
Q

A controlled experiment is a scientific _________.

A

investigation

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30
Q

What are the two types of test set up in a controlled experiment?

A
  1. Control test (group)
  2. Experimental test (group)
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31
Q

A control test:

generates data under conditions with no ________/ no _________.

A

treatment, manipulation

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32
Q

A control test:

generates data under ________/_______ conditions.

A

normal, unchanged

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33
Q

A control test:

is considered __________ data

A

BASELINE

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34
Q

An experimental test:

generates data under ________/ _________ conditions.

A

abnormal, unknown

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35
Q

An experimental test:

generates data under ________/ _________ conditions.

A

treated, manipulated

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36
Q

An experimental test’s:

results are often _______ with control test results to help ________ possible ______ of a treatment/manipulation.

A

compared, determine, impacts

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37
Q

A control group is used as a standard for __________.

A

COMPARISON

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38
Q

What type of control is:

NOT exposed to experimental treatment
+
NOT exposed to any treatment known to have an effect

A

negative control

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39
Q

What type of control is:

NOT exposed to experimental treatment
+
EXPOSED to a treatment that has a known effect

A

Positive control

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40
Q

______ types of controls can be used to ________ experimental procedures.

A

BOTH, VALIDATE

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41
Q

A control group is NOT the same as a controlled ______.

A

variable

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42
Q

What are aspects of an experiment that could be changed but are intentionally NOT changed?

A

controlled variables

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43
Q

Controlled variables are:

important to help ______ and _____ the impact of an intentional change/treatment.

A

isolate, identify

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44
Q

Only variables known to have an _______ should be considered as possible controlled variables.

A

IMPACT

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45
Q

What is another name for controlled variables?

A

CONSTANTS

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46
Q

The control group is exposed to a treatment that has a ________ effect.*

A

KNOWN

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47
Q

Positive control groups confirm a ______ effect.

A

KNOWN

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48
Q

Negative control groups confirm results in the _______ of any kind of treatment.

A

ABSENCE

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49
Q

Energy stored in food is expressed in units called

A

Calories (CAPTIAL C)

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50
Q

The amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1g of H2O by 1 degree Celsius

A

calorie (LOWERCASE C)

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51
Q

1000 calories = 1 _____calorie (_cal)

A

kilo, k

52
Q

1 kcal = 1 _____ Calorie (BIG C)

A

FOOD

53
Q

Chemists measure energy (enthalpy and Gibbs Free Engergy) in _______, and ENTROPY in ________.

A

kJ·mol−1, JK-1mol-1

54
Q

Energy is released or put in depending on if a chemical reaction is _________ or ______ bonds. This all involves ________ _______.

A

breaking, making, moving electrons

55
Q

What type of pathway breaks down complex molecules to simpler ones?

A

catabolic (EXergonic)

56
Q

What type of pathway builds complex molecules?

A

anabolic (ENDergonic)

57
Q

What does the -cata in “catabolic” mean?

A

degrade

58
Q

What does the ana- in “anabolic” mean?

A

build

59
Q

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

A

digestion of food

60
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

building muscle after exercise

61
Q

Energy is the ability to do _______.

A

work

62
Q

What is the energy of motion/movement?

A

kinetic energy

63
Q

What is stored energy?

A

potential energy

64
Q

What is potential energy stored in the bonds between atoms?

A

chemical energy

65
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be destroyed, it can only be transferred

66
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

From order to disorder; an increase in entropy is an increase in disorder

67
Q

What is the main purpose of enzymes?

(Hint: To ______, by _____, which is _____)

A
  1. To speed up chemical reactions
  2. By lowering the activation energy,
  3. Which is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
68
Q

Enzymes are _____, so their shape is linked to the order of ____ _____ put together.

A

PROTEINS, amino acids

69
Q

Substrates ________ by enzymes to form a new _____.

A

rearranged, product

70
Q

What is an analogy for normal binding?

A

“One lock for one key, that opens the house”

lock = enzyme
key = substrate
opens = produces
house = product

71
Q

Competitive inhibition involves:

  • _________ between enzymes for _______ ________.
  • __________________
  • occurs with an ______ of substrate
A
  • Competition, active site
  • NO BINDING
  • overflow
72
Q

What are changes in the confirmational shape of an enzyme called?

A

denaturation

73
Q

What changes can lead to environmental denaturation?

A

changes in pH and temperature

74
Q

Enzyme denaturation is typically _______________, and the catalytic ability of enzyme is _____ or severely __________.

A

irreversible, lost, decreased

75
Q

In some cases, enzyme denaturation is ________, allow the enzyme to _________ _______ ______.

A

reversible, regain catalytic activity

76
Q

What is the range in which enzyme-mediated reactions occur the fastest?

A

optimum temperatures

77
Q

Reaction rates _______ when optimum temperatures aren’t maintained.

A

change

78
Q

Environmental increase in temp =

A

increased speed of molecular movement
frequency of enzyme-substrate collisions

79
Q

Temp increase outside of optimum range =

A

Enzyme Denaturation

80
Q

Environmental decrease in temperature =

It ________ ______ enzyme structure, SO what about denaturation?

A

slow down reaction rate
decrease frequency of enzyme-substrate collisions

doesn’t disrupt, no denaturation

81
Q

What measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution and measured on a logarithmic scale?

A

pH

82
Q

Small changes in ph values =

A

large shifts in hydrogen ion concentration

ph6 = 10x[H+] than ph7

83
Q

What is the range in which enzyme-mediated reaction occur the fastest?

A

optimum pH

84
Q

Changing pH ________ of optimum range will _____ or _______ enzyme activity

A

outside, slow, stop

85
Q

Enzyme denaturation can occur as result of increases and decreases _______ ___ _______.

A

outside of optimum

86
Q

Changes in [H+] concentration can disrupt ______ ______ that help maintain enzyme structure.

A

h-bond interactions

87
Q

Initial increases in substrate concentration ______ reaction rate.

A

INCREASE

88
Q

More substrates =

A

more opportunity to collide with enzyme

89
Q

Substrate saturation =

A

no further increase in rate

90
Q

If saturation levels maintained =

A

constant rate

91
Q

Increased concentration of products =

A

DECREASE opportunity for addition of substrate

92
Q

Matter takes up space

More product in an area =

A

lower chance of enzyme-substrate collisions = SLOW REACTION RATE

93
Q

LESS enzyme =

A

slower reaction rate

LESS opportunity for substrates to collide with active sites

94
Q

MORE enzyme =

A

faster reaction rate

**MORE opportunity for substrates to collide with active sites

95
Q

What are molecules that can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme?

A

competitive inhibitors

96
Q

Inhibitor concentrations EXCEED substrate concentrations =

A

SLOWED reaction rate

97
Q

Inhibitor concentrations MUCH LOWER than substrate concentrations =

A

NORMAL reaction rate

98
Q

If inhibitor binding IRREVERSIBLE =

A

enzyme function PREVENTED

99
Q

If inhibitor binding REVERSIBLE =

A

enzyme can REGAIN FUNC one inhibitor detaches

100
Q

______ _______ compete with the normal substrate for the enzymes active site.

A

Competitive inhibitors

101
Q

What are enzymatic regions other than the active site to which molecules can bind?

A

allosteric sites

102
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors DO NOT:

A

bind to the active site

103
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors DO:

A

bind to ALLOSTERIC site

104
Q

Binding causes what to change?

A

conformational shape

105
Q

Binding prevents _______ function because the ______ ____ is ___ longer __________.

A

enzyme, active site, no, available

106
Q

Increasing substrate CANNOT:

A

PREVENT effects of NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR BINDING

107
Q

All living systems require:

A

CONSTANT input of energy

108
Q

What is the main energy input for living systems?

A

Sunlight

109
Q

What captures energy from physical sources, like sunlight, or chemical sources and transform that energy in energy sources usable by all cells?

A

Autotrophs

110
Q

During every energy transformation process some energy is ________, often ______ __ _______.

A

unsusable, lost as heat

111
Q

Life requires a _________ ________ _____.

A

highly ordered system

112
Q

Life DOES NOT:

A

violate the second law of thermodynamics

113
Q

Every ENERGY TRANSFER INCREASES what?

A

DISORDER of the universerve

114
Q

Living cells are NOT at _________. Why?

A

equilibrium. There is a constant flow of materials in and out of the cell.

115
Q

How do cells manage energy resources?

A

energy-coupling

116
Q

Energy-RELEASING processes drive energy-________ processes.

A

STORING

117
Q

Pathways in biological systems are _________.

A

sequential

118
Q

Within a chemical pathway, the _______ of one reaction can serve as a _______ in a subsequent reaction.

A

product, reactant

119
Q

Sequential reaction allow for a more _________ and _________ transfer of energy.

A

controlled, efficient

120
Q

What do chlorophylls do?

A

capture energy from sunlight and convert it to high-energy electrons

121
Q

What happens to chlorophyll electrons when light absorption occurs, and what is the importance of this?

PART 1:

Electrons will be ________.

A

energized.

122
Q

What happens to chlorophyll electrons when light absorption occurs, and what is the importance of this?

PART 2:

The energy from the electrons will be used to establish a _______ _____ and reduce _____ and _______.

A

proton gradient, NADP+ and NADPH

123
Q

light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane

A

photosystem

124
Q

Why is the hydrolysis of water necessary as it relates to PSII and the light-dependent reactions?

The __________ molecules from the splitting of the water are:
- released into the ________ space
- used to create an ___________/________ __________.

A

hydrogen, thylakoid, electrochemical/proton gradient

125
Q

PSII and PSI pass _______ _________ to the ETC.

A

high-energy electrons

126
Q

To generate ATP from ADP, photosynthesis uses a form of _______ _____.

A

passive transport

AP Biology (3 decks)

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